到了市场没有办法完全体现银行家行为所产生的价值,因而短期内奖励了银行家的冒险行为但这些行为的结果完全体现出来在于以支付,这样避免了对银行家短期冒险的激励。但延迟支付存在承诺问题,即一旦银行家做出了投资决策,就没有理由让银行家再承担合同内在的问题,这会引起重新谈判而重新谈判会在事前改变银行家的决策。因此如果金融机构采用延迟支付必须要求企业的承诺有效,而这可以通过中央银行设立专门的账户,由与企业不相关的监管者来实现。薪金追回事实上在长期中打破了银行家的有限责任,这部分抵消了股东的隐性激励,但薪金追回和延迟支付一样让高管承担了投资的完全风险而不是最优合同所要求的部分保险,这样会弱化股东长期激励,而且与延迟支付相同会引起重新谈判问题。
总体来说,有效的监管应当平衡金融稳定和股东价值的冲突,限薪可能无助于降低金融风险,而只是提高了股东的激励成本,延迟支付和薪金追回在企业能够做出有效承诺的情况下可能实现二者的平衡,因此如何维持金融企业的承诺有效会是未来值得研究的课题。
注释:
① Alen Blinder“Crazy Compensation and The Crisis”华尔街日报2009年4月28日。
② Fahlenbrach and Stulz(2009),Cheng,Hong and Scheinkman(2009)等。
③ 前花旗集团CEO Chales Prince在接受金融时报采访时说:“当音乐停止,开始清场的时候,事情会变得复杂,然而只要音乐还在继续,你就不得不翩翩起舞。”(见Financial Time 2007年7月1日)通常认为Prince的观点体现了股东意志驱动了高管的经营行为。
④ Shleifer(2000)以及Barbefis and Thaler(2003)的综述性内容。
⑤ 机构投资者由于由于业绩考核期限的原因,通常更偏好于短期行为,而且机构投资者往往对高管的影响力也更大;而换手率通常体现了市场的异质预期和市场的投机程度(Hong and Stein 2007)。
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