[本篇论文由上帝论文网为您收集整理,上帝论文网http://paper.5var.com将为您整理更多优秀的免费论文,谢谢您的支持] [摘要]位于塔里木盆地南缘干旱及风沙区的新疆和田绿洲,生态环境极其脆弱。民国政府1939年开始在和田地区大力推行垦荒运动,至1944年在主要农业区的六县耕地面积平均增长103.7%;然而1945年后地区各县耕地面积即呈明显减少趋势,1948年与1944年比较,耕地面积减少了25.6%,有51.6%的垦荒新增耕地被撂荒地抵消。根据民国和田耕地撂荒的档案资料分析,此时期水资源状况(主要是河水)基本保持在一个较为稳定的水平上,对地区耕地大面积撂荒不是决定性因子,但却是制约各地区人口数量、垦荒规模和耕地面积总水平的关键因子。地区人口增长过多引发对地区耕地面积的需求扩大,同时引起对耕地灌溉水量的增长需求扩大,由此呈现出农田灌溉水不足的表象,造成地区人口、耕地水平与水资源承载力相互关系的失调;即影响和田地区耕地撂荒的关键是当地水资源总量与人口规模、耕地面积总水平的平衡关系,突破这个平衡就必然引起耕地的撂荒或生态环境劣化;而诱发耕地大面积撂荒的自然因素也与过度垦荒有一定程度的关系。
关键词:和田地区 民国时期 耕地撂荒 The influence factors of big area tilth waste in Hetian during the Republic of China
AbstractLocated in droughty and windy desert region of south edge of Tarimu basin, the Hetian oasis of XinJiang, is extremely frail for its ecological environment. In 1939, local government of the Republic of China started to push agricultural reclamation movement vigorously, till 1944 in the main agricultural region in six counties cultivated area increased by an average of 103.7% a year. However after 1945 the cultivated area obviously assumed the reduced tendency in every local county, and the cultivated area reduced 25.6% in the year of 1948 than 1944, and some 51.6% of newly reclaimed wastelands were counterbalanced by wasted tilth.Analysis of the archives data of Hetian region during the Republic of China showed that this time water resources (mainly river water) basically maintained on a stable level, and it was not the decisive factor to the waste of local big area tilth, but the essential factor actually restricted the population quantity, the reclamation wasteland scale and the overall cultivated area level in all the counties. Excessive local population increase resulted in expansive demands for tilth, and at the same time caused to expansive demands for irrigation water increase. From this presented the appearance that the farmland irrigation water is insufficient. Actually it is for the maladjustment between the local population, the cultivated lands and water resources supporting capacity reciprocity. Namely, the balance relations between the total local water resources, the population scale and the overall cultivated area were the key influence factors on wasted cultivation land in Hetian. Breakthrough of the balance would cause waste tilth and the deteriorative ecological environment. And the natural factor, which induced abandonment of big area cultivated land, also correlated with excessive reclamation wasteland to a certain extent.
Key words: Hetian Region; the Republic of China; wasted tilth
新疆和田绿洲位于塔里木盆地南缘干旱、半干旱及风沙区,绿洲生态环境脆弱,是历史上塔里木盆地绿洲荒漠化现象发生最频繁、最严重的地区之一。和田绿洲垦区荒漠化现象的发生,与当地社会农业开发的强度有十分密切的关系,民国时期和田地区垦荒的兴盛与撂荒的普遍性印证了这一规律。[1] 自汉代至宋代,即和田古六国至大宝于阗国的1500年左右时间里,和田绿洲垦区农业开发基本保持持续发展,相应地绿洲荒漠化现象也持续发生,并导致和田古绿洲北部大片垦区彻底沙化。宋后期至清乾隆二十年(公元1755年)的四百多年期间,和田地区政局动荡,战乱不断,人口锐减,农业凋敝,相应地形成了地区自然资源消耗减少的状况,也使和田绿洲的自然生态环境获得了一个较长的恢复时期。清中叶以后,清政府在和田实行“回屯”,地区人口增长较快,农业生产迅速恢复,地区自然生态环境基本保持稳定,但到清后期光绪年间,和田地区社会生产需求与自然资源承载力之间的矛盾已开始显露,至民国时期矛盾更为突出。[2] 民国前期,和田地区由于流行瘟疫以及发生了几次短期社会变乱,社会人口及地区耕地总面积有所下降。1938年后社会政局开始稳定,地区人口压力逐步增大,为缓解社会粮食供需矛盾,增加财政收入,民国政府在和田地区大力推行垦荒运动,积极扩大耕地面积。随着垦荒强度的迅速加大和地区耕地面积总水平的扩大,多种生态环境问题凸显,其中耕地大面积撂荒现象是诸问题的集中表现。
[1] 参见:谢丽.《绿洲农业开发与塔里木河流域生态环境的历史嬗变》,南京农业大学博士学位论文2001年5月,第65页。“绿洲废弃规律”:“和田地区东汉至清朝绿洲废弃的频率与农业生产开发的强度呈正相关;绿洲废弃的峰值期与农业生产开 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页
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