：《镇原田事说》。
[75] 祁韵士：《万里行程记》。
[76] 参阅拙作：《明清时期河湟地区人地关系述论》，《开发研究》2003年第3期。
[77] 参阅《黄河水利史述要》，水利出版社，1982年，第236～365页。




Abstract: During the period of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Agricultural Expansion in the northwest of China finally led to a deteriorated environment of ecology, which was closely related to the technological path of that time. A large scale of immigrations made worse a relationship of man and soil; water resources were exhausted by several irrigation-constructions; Using old and obsolete technologies, people successfully expanded their arable lands in order to produce furthermore staple grains, while reckless reclamation resulted in the imbalance of ecological environment.

Keywords: Agricultural expansion; Technological path; Ecological changes

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