各种理论系统中,法律子系统都以某种方式与其他子系统相关联。前文中我引用过Luhmma(1981)的话,他也许是当今研究法律制度的先导型理论家。他暗示,理论上设计的法律制度将是否或如何起整合性作用并不确定。“主题化门槛”乃是在其他社会背景中形成的问题转化为法律问题的障碍。在许多情况下,存在避免求助于法律规范的充分理由——由于某人以他们是否依法行动这一问题公然对抗其他人,他就粉碎了在正常情况下人们就社会关系所假定的怡人共识。但这一门槛有时候也被逾越。除了社会制裁和结构起作用外,由那些尚可的、必要的、正义的东西外化的规范似乎也有可能起一些作用。所以,我们又回到这一想法,即我们努力的关键在于法与社会之关联研究。
我们不必担心法行为学领域中有些什么。短短一段时间,我们就已经走了一段长路;号称认真思考法律的任何人都不能忽视我们的研究所得。另一方面,自我赞赏还为时过早。当Gertmde Stein还是一个生活在奥克兰的小姑娘时,担心看完奥克兰公共图书馆中的所有藏书之后该做什么。当她认识到永远不可能看完所有可得到的书籍时,她释然了。对从事法律研究的学者而言,也是如此。我们永远不可能完全掌握相关的材料,工作不可能很快完成。我们还有很长很长的路要走。
注释:
*该文的许多见解首先形成于由威斯康星——马迪森大学的争议处理研究中心组织召开的圆桌会议。其修改稿于1983年4月7日在纽约州立大学布法罗法律和法理学教协组织召开的James McCormark Mitchell讨论会上提出。杰奎琳。马考利编辑了所有的手稿,她是一个能激发兴趣的、丰富有帮助的批评者。我的同事达维德。楚贝克和我对这些见解有过很长时间的讨论,他对手稿有过广泛的评论。特别是该文在马迪森和布法罗发表之后,许多朋友讨论过这些主题,敦促我舍弃一些见解并澄清其他见解。感谢所有这些帮助,当然,文中所有错误由我个人承担责任。
**斯图尔特.马考利是威斯康量大学法学院Malcolm Pitman Sharp教授,是受到最广泛尊敬的教授之一,是法社会研究领域频频受到褒扬的人物。其著作有:《商业中的非合同关系》,该书是研究法律秩序中非司法制度的经典书籍;《法律和权力平衡》,该书探讨了那些来源于商人游说活动的成文法形成的正式程序之相对无足轻重,以及国会的听证和对应成文法通过而生成的中间制度之相对重要性;《法和行为科学》(与Lamrence M Friedman合著),该书是一本被广泛使用的案例书。马考利教授最近的论著认为律师在保护消费者权益领域中是斡旋者,其论著还涉及在社会背景中研究法律的当前问题以及这些问题对法律教育的意义。
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