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陈娅
内容摘要 证据开示是来源于英美法系的概念,是刑事诉讼中的一项重要制度。在任何不采用案卷移送制度的、实行控辩双方向法庭举证的诉讼结构中,证据开示具有重要的意义。我国刑事诉讼制度目前正进行着重大的改革,证据开示已经成为我国刑事诉讼所面临的一个瓶颈,妨碍着我国《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》所追求的诉讼公正和诉讼效率的实现。本文对我国建立刑事证据开示制度进行了思考,使之有益于立法和实践。 本文分为四个部分,共约三万多字。 本文引论部分主要对证据开示的含义作了解释和说明。文中指出,刑事证据开示是指掌握证据材料的控辩双方在法院庭审之前按照一定的规则或命令通过适当的方式将本方掌握的证据材料让对方先予以知悉的制度。由于我国理论准备不够充分,立法技术上不够成熟,未能及时对刑事证据开示制度进行相应的规定和完善,导致我国的审判程序与起诉程序在相应的制度设置上不能够衔接紧密。在司法实践中控辩双方在庭审过程中互相实施“证据突袭”等的现象屡见不鲜。因而,完善证据开示制度已经成为我国刑事诉讼中亟待解决的迫切问题。本文的核心内容是对我国为什么要建立刑事证据开示制度,以及在借鉴国外的刑事证据开示制度的基础上应该如何建立我国的刑事证据开示制度进行有益的思考。 本文的第一章探讨了我国为什么要建立刑事证据开示制度。 其一,文中指出了刑事证据开示制度在我国的缺陷。通过对我国立法及司法解释中有关刑事诉讼证据开示的现状的分析,我国《刑事诉讼法》已经改变了过去检察院移送全案卷宗的作法,庭审方式带有浓厚的对抗色彩,是从传统的依职权审判方式转变为辩论式审判方式,但仍不能适应新的刑事审判方式的要求,在司法实践中使得诉讼活动运作不畅,导致了各种弊端。 其二,文中指出了建立我国刑事证据开示制度的意义。合理而有选择地借鉴英美法系和日本等国的法律中规定的证据开示制度,对我国刑事案件庭审方式的改革有很大的启发和裨益。 本文第二章对英国、美国、意大利和日本等国的刑事证据开示制度的现状进行了介绍,指出了国外刑事证据开示制度的发展趋势。 本文第三章对我国刑事证据开示制度及其完善进行了论述。 文中首先指出我国建立证据开示制度应把握的原则,即双向开示、全面开示和对等开示原则,并对各项原则进行了详细的阐述。 其次,文中指出要完善我国立法中有关刑事证据开示制度的具体规范,做到有法可依。 第三,分析了我国刑事证据开示的范围。证据开示的范围,实质就是证据开示的内容,这是开示程序中的一个关键问题。文中具体从控诉方和辩护方分别作了介绍。 第四,阐述了证据开示的程序。具体从证据开示的主体、时间、地点和方式等方面进行说明。 最后,指出了我国应当设置对违反开示义务的制裁性规定。根据我国刑事诉讼的具体情况,借鉴国外的做法,文中设置了几种违反开示程序时可以采用的措施。
Abstract Discovery of evidence is a concept rooted in America and U.K. as the representative of adversary system. It is also an important system of criminal procedure. As the system of criminal trial in China is being changed increasingly, discovery has become a choke point which our criminal trial faced, and disturbed the realization of fair and efficiency of litigation. Therefore, this article explores the discovery system of criminal procedure and is to benefit legislation and practice. This article consists of four parts, which are about 30,000 words. The preface of this article is mainly concerned with the definition of criminal discovery. It points that the criminal discovery is to notion evidence information between prosecution and defense who holds the evidence materials, through some rules、orders or appropriate modes, before the beginning of criminal sessions. That is to say in the criminal trails, as a way of evidence collection, criminal discovery is the information exchange between prosecution and defense. Because of the insufficiency theory and the immature legislation skills in our country, there are no corresponding provisions, which make a loose connection in some rules between the adjudgement and the prosecution program. So, to perfect the rule of evidence discovery has become an urgent problem to be solved. Why we must constitute criminal discovery, how to make it when we use for reference about other countries. It’s the nuclear viewpoint of this article. The first chapter of this article explores why we must constitute criminal discovery. First, the article explores the limitation of discovery in our country. Second, it indicates the purport of founding discovery in our country. The second chapter of this article makes an introduction and a value of the criminal discovery system, taking America and U.K., Italy and Japan. The article points out the development direction of criminal discovery system. The third chapter of this article explores the criminal discovery system and its improvement in China criminal procedure. It puts forward the specific propositions of improvement. It’s the emphasis of this article. In the article, first, it points out the principles that should be grasped. Second, in legislations, there should be some improvements about the idiographic criterion of China’s criminal discovery system. Third, this article analyses the confine of China’s criminal discovery system. Last, it expatiates the formality. The formality consists of the main bodies, time, where and how etc, about China’s criminal discovery system.
引 论 证据开示(discovery或disclosure)是一个来源于英美法系的概念,在我国刑事理论界又被译为证据展示、证据先悉、证据发现、证据透露、证据披露、证据告知或证据公开等。根据证据开示的设置所着重要解决的问题,在本文中,笔者采用证据开示这一提法。 证据开示是当事人主义或者类当事人主义诉讼程序中一个十分重要的概念和制度,在任何不采用案卷移送制度、实行控辩双方向法庭举证的诉讼结构中,证据开示具有不容忽视的重要意义。我国刑事诉讼制度目前正进行着重大的改革,围绕着律师阅卷权及控方是否应知悉辩方所掌握的证据等证据开示问题产生了很大的争议,而且直接影响着司法实践。证据开示已经成为我国刑事诉讼所面临的一个瓶颈,妨碍着我国《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》所追求的诉讼公正和诉讼效率的实现。 根据《布莱克法律辞典》的解释,“证据开示是一种审判前的程序和机制,用于诉讼一方从另一方获得与案件有关的事实情况和其他信息,从而为审判作准备。” 因此,刑事诉讼中的证据开示(disclosure of evidence)是指掌握证据材料的控辩双方在法院庭审之前按照一定的规则或命令通过适当的方式将本方掌握的证据材料让对方先予知悉的制度,即在 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页
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