ightpresscontrolisimposed.Arepressedpresstendstoexistonstatesubsidyandhavelittleautonomy,especiallyinthepoliticalsphere.Underthesecircumstances,themainstreammediaingeneralwillserveasthemouthpiecesofthegoverningelite,legitimatingthestatusquo,demotingdemocracyandblockingoutdissentingvoices.Thereislittleroomforthesurvivalofanalternativemedia.Ifthereisone,itisusuallyrunasthepropagandatoolofanundergrounddemocraticmovement.30InChina,thereisnodenialthatthecivilsocietymaycontinuetogrow,intensifyingthefrictionsbetweentheideologicalandeconomiclogicandotherkindsofsocialtensions.Itshouldbeincreasinglydifficultfortherulingpartytocopewithsuchcontradictionswithoutamoreequitableredistributionofpoliticalpower.31
　　
　　i.Cyberpolice
　　
　　Inordertocontrolnetwork,i.e.,tocontrolusersandISPs,Chinaestablishedcyberpolicearmedwithcomputertechnologies.Fromthenon,Chinesenetworkisactuallyunderthestateofterror.Usersarealwaysgoesonlinewithgreatcareforfearthattheyshouldbeshadowedbythepolice,listedintheblacklist,andkeptapartandinvestigated,orarrested.
　　
　　Inactualfact,theactualcontrollingabilityofthetroopsisweak.OnceastudyrevealedthatInternetsurveillanceinChinawashamperedbyaninefficientcomputerpoliceforce,out-datedcomputerprotectionequipmentimportedinthe1980sandtheslowdevelopmentofcomputerprotectionproducts.32Ontheonehand,insomecities,theestablishmentofthecyberpolicebecamethepretexttoemployunemployedrelativesofthepoliceleaders,softeningtheterm.Ontheotherhand,thenetworkitselflacksofcontrollability.Notwithstanding,thecyberpoliceisbecomingstrongerandstrongerinknowledgeandtechnologies,experiencesandjudgements.Moreandmorewebsitesmaybecheckedandblockaded,moreandmoreusersmaybeshadowedandarrested.Accordingtothelawsandregulationsonthebasisofwhichthecyberpoliceacts,theyhavebusinesstoproducetheinitialeffect.
　　
　　Thecyberpolicecanbenefitalotfromthebusinessofnetworkcontrol,forexample,employment,promotion,moneyaward,deductingapercentagefromthefines.Allthesehaveneverbeenwritteninanylawsorregulations.
　　
　　ii.Blockade
　　
　　Onceuponatime,blockadehavebeenknownbyChinesescholarsasageneralterminInternationalLaw.Itislimitedtobeusedincyberspaceinsomecountries.Thesecountriesaregoodatdevelopingtechnologies,compilingprogrammesandassemblyproductsforthepurposeofblockadingsomewebsites,whileinothercountries,theseareofnousewhatsoever.Thetermblockadecoverswidescopeofmeaning.Forexample,cancellationofusers’accounts,shuttingdownthecyber-cafes,isofthesamecategoryofblockade.
　　
　　Amongthemethodofblockade,theshuttingdownofcyber-cafesiswarmlywelcomedbythepolice,whocanbenefitfromitbywaysoftransferringthecomputersundertheircontrol,oracceptingbribesfromtheownersofthecyber-cafes.
　　
　　AtypicalexampleoncontrolofonlinespeechisthatthecontrolofBBS.TheQiangguo(QiangguomeanstomakeChinastrong)BBSisthelargestBBSintheChineselanguageonpoliticalissues.ItbelongstoPeople’sDaily,theChinaCommunistPartyofficialnewspaper.RegulationrelativetotheBBSarestrict.NopostingsareallowedagainstlawsandpoliciesoftheChinesegovernment,withcontrolsbybothsoftwareandhumanintervention.Therateofcensorshipwasprobablymorethan1.5%in2000.Somesubscribershaveprotestedthesecontrolsbutthissortofregulationwillcontinueinthenearfutureandonlydiminishslowlyovertime.33
　　
　　Therearetwowaysinwhichpostingsmaybecensored.Thefirststepinvolvessoftwarethatautomaticallychecksthecontentoftheposting.ThesecondstepinvolvescensoringdirectlybytheWebmaster.
　　
　　Punishmentsforoffendingsubscribersareclassifiedintothreedegrees.ThefirstandlightestispubliccriticismbytheWebmaster.Thesecondandmainpunishmentisthedeletionofaspecificposting.ThethirdandmostseriouspunishmentistoblocktheIPaddressandregisternameofaspecificindividual.
　　
　　iii.Jointliability
　　
　　Intheaspectofthesystemofresponsibilityofcontrollingthenetwork,asystemofjointliabilityhasbeeninitiallyestablished,eithermacroscopicallyormicroscopically,eitherinthecentralgovernmentorinthelocalgovernments.Relatedministriesandcommissions,relatedbasisunits,arealltrussedupbytheresponsibilitiesandliabilities.Ifcareless,theycanbeinvolvedincriminalcasesaswellascausingadministrativeliability.Theseresponsibilityandliability,areregulatedinalmostallthelawsandregulationsconcerningthecontrolofnetwork.
　　
　　Article8oftheStateSecretsProtectionRegulationsforComputerInformationSystemsontheInternet(1January2000)stipulatesthattheprincipleof’responsibilityisbornebythepersonwhoplaceditonthenetwork’isthebasisforregulatingtherevelationofstatesecretsontheInternet.Thisdoesnot,however,exempteachISPs’obligationtomonitor.UnderArticle10,ISPs,BBS,chatroomsornetworknewsgrouporganisersarerequiredtosetuptheirownmanagementmechanismstoassistinensuringthatnostatesecretsaretransmittedontheInternetbytheirusers.
　　
　　Anyway,thiskindofjointliabilityisnearertothepersonalliabilitythatthoseinthecasesofsomeonebreachingthebirthplan.Butifthecriminalflees,theliabilitywillbetransferredtoacertainscapegoat.Thishasindefinitability.ChineseCriminalCodeprovidedtheliabilityforneglectingofdutyforgovernmentfunctionariesinChapter8,PartII.
　　
　　That’swhytherehasalreadybeenaPublicPledgeonSelf-DisciplineforChinaInternetIndustryinAugust2002.Morethan300Internetserviceproviders,Webportals,companies,universitiesandgovernmentagencieshavesignedthevoluntarycontentcontrolagreement.Signatoriespromisetopurgeporn,scrapsubversivecontentandotherwisehitthedeletebuttononanypostingsthatmightoffendtheChinesegovernment,whichdoesn’tdefineitsterms,expectingsignatoriestoknowwhat’ssubversive.Theagreementexpresslyincludesapromisetowatchcontentcominginfromtherestoftheworldforthissortofthing.34
　　
　　iv.Emphasisonpolitics
　　
　　Intheworld,thereisnotagovernmentofacountrythattakespoliticsmoreseriouslythanChinesegovernment;thereisnotapeopleinacountryconcernthemselveswithpoliticsmorethanChinesepeople.InChina,thecentreofthepoliticsistheleadershipoftheChineseCommunistParty.
　　
　　ThePartyalwayscherishedillusionsthatthepeoplestudyMarxism-Leninism,MaoZedongThought,DengXiaopingTheoryandtheimportantthoughtofThreeRepresentswhentheyare

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