sofsovereignnations,originatinganattackfromalmostanycomputerintheworld,passingitacrossmultiplenationalboundaries,ordesigningattacksthatappeartobeoriginatingfromforeignsources.Suchtechniquesdramaticallyincreaseboththetechnicalandlegalcomplexitiesofinvestigatingandprosecutingcybercrimes.22
　　
　　Usingsoftwaretoolsinstalledonacomputerinaremotelocation,hackerscanbreakintocomputersystemstostealdata,plantvirusesorTrojanhorses,orworksmischiefofalessserioussortbychangingusernamesorpasswords.23
　　
　　Corporations,likegovernments,lovetospyontheenemy.Networkedsystemsprovidenewopportunitiesforthis,ashackers-for-hireretrieveinformationaboutproductdevelopmentandmarketingstrategies,rarelyleavingbehindanyevidenceofthetheft.24
　　
　　PiracyinChinaistherevoltandattackagainstthesoftwareimperialism.InthewebsitesmanagedbyChinese,severalofnewandoldsoftwarecanbedownloadedeasily.Somewebsites,aswellasforestoutlaws,aredevotedtothiskindofcharities,similartoprovidingrelieftothepoor.Theseacts,thoughbelongtodevianceandcrime,producersofsoftwareshouldalsoself-examinationintheaspectofpricemonopoly.Usersofpersonalcomputercouldnotaffordfortheexpensivesoftware,andthusthemarketofpiracyactsasasolutiontosatisfytheseusers.
　　
　　Thekeencompetitionbetweenthesoftwareproducersvirtuallyencouragesthepiracy.Forexample,agreatportionofthemarketofpersonalcomputerinChinaisundercontrolofMicrosoft,whosesoftwareispreinstalled.UsersinChinaknowonlyMicrosoft,cangetonlyMicrosoft,canoperateonlyMicrosoft,andcanchooseonlyMicrosoftcontinuously.That’stheprospect.Eventhatfreesoftwarecannotgivefullplaytotheiradvantagesofprice.Thepiracybringssoftwareproducersnotsomuchlossbutsavetheirexpensesofadvertisements.AnyproducersoftheplatformsdonothopetoseethattherisinggiantLinuxswallowstheChinesemarket.Intheframeworkoftheexistinglegalsystem,whichregardspiracyasacrime,andtheproducersremainhighprices,LinuxisascompetentasMicrosoftis.
　　
　　iv.Networkasaplace
　　
　　TheInternethaserodedtheprotectionprovidedbynationallawsagainstsuchactivitiesaspornography.TheInternetisaglobalsystem.Wecannowbeattackedbycriminalswhodonotneedtocometothisterritory.Lotsofpolicingarrangementshavetheirrootsinthefactthatvictimandoffenderaregeographicallyco-located.Itisadifferentworldnow,andifyoucandoyourbusinesslegitimatelyfromhomeviatheelectronicmedium,whycan’tthatbusinessnotbecriminalbusiness?Wehavetomoveourselvesintothisnewworld.Itisagreatchallengeforus.25
　　
　　Now,muchofthemoney,assets,statesecretandpersonalprivacyaretransformedintocomputerdataandstoredincomputers,orcirculatethroughthenetwork.Meanwhile,networkisalsobecomingaspacetoexhibitpornography,oragamblinghouse.Networkdoesnothavetheabilityofvaluejudgement,hasnoculture,hasnolegalconsciousness,buttheinformationbeingstoredandactivitiestakingplaceinithavenatures,eitherprotectedorreprimandedbylaws.Furthermore,theplaceofnetworkistrans-regional,trans-national,wherethereisnotaunifiedlegalsystem,andbecomesazoneaswellastheHolySea.Manyaggressionstakeplaceattheterminals.Manyharmsalsotakeplaceattheterminals.Itseemsthatonlyterminalshavesomethingtodowithcrimes.
　　
　　Factually,thisisacontradictorybroughtaboutbythespecialcharacteristicoftheplaceofnetwork.InChina,pornographyisonecrimethatisclearlyillegal,bothonandofftheInternet.Andviewingpornographywebsitesisillegal,too.Otherwiseinsomeothercountriesatleasttostorethesepicturesinthenetworkislegal.ItisbeyondthereachofthepowerofChineselaws.Theproblemofconflictofcriminaljurisdiction,butnotconflictofciviljurisdiction,haveneverbeenputforwardasaserioustopicastoday.
　　
　　Adifferentvoice,however,advocatesthathecriminallawhasnobusinesshere.Forthenetworkhavenoborders,andtheautonomousspaceofhyperperfectillusionandflawlesslyrecombinantcultureistooslipperyforanystatute.26Control--thecontrolweneed--isnotfinallyalegalproblematall.Itisasocial,moral,andtechnologicalproblem.27
　　
　　v.Networkasatarget
　　
　　Networkinacertainsensecanberegardedasnetworkassets,includingtangibleassetsandintangibleassets,bothhardwareandsoftware;bothintra-nationalassetsandinternationalassets.Networkassetsisakindofcombinativeassets,existsinthecyberspace.Furthermore,networkassetsisnotstatic,butexistsintheprocessofproduction,whichconstitutesamodeofproductionmanagement,forexample,theactivitiesthatcanbeincludedinthefieldofelectroniccommerce.Itsexistenceisvulnerable,easytosufferfromvariousofartificialattacks,someofwhichbelongtothetraditionalcrimes,forexample,cuttingofftheelectricitysupply,destroyingthecables,movingtheantennausedinsatellitecommunications;andmoretraditionalcrimes,forexample,bombingsonbuildingshousingcomputerequipment,arson,andtheftanddestructionofcomputerequipment.28Nowadays,theyarenotregardedascybercrimes.Thecybercrimesagainstthenetworkaremainlythosethatutilisethecomputertechnologiesbutnotothertechnologies,ofwhichthemosttypicalarecomputerviruses,aswellasothermaliciouscomputerprogrammes,whichareusedtodoharmtocomputersandnetwork.Therehavebeenalreadyalonglistofinstancesofseriousviruses,whichtheCIH,Melissa,ILoveYou,etcstandfirston.
　　
　　On10October,2002,itwasreportedthatviruseshaveinfectedatleast80percentofChina’scomputers,highlightingthevulnerabilityofoneoftheworld’sbiggestPCandInternetmarkets.ThesurveyconductedbytheNationalComputerVirusEmergencyResponseCentresaidthatonly16percentofcomputerusersthisyearreportedtheywerefreefromanyvirusattack,whilelastyearnearlyoneinthreeuserssaidtheysufferednocomputerinfections,halfoftheinfectedmachineshadsuffereddatalosses,problemsbrowsingtheWeb,orotherdamage.29
　　
　　AndDenialofService(DoS)AttackstothefamouswebsitesincludingYahoo!tookplacein2001,usedtheharmfulprogrammesotherthanviruses.Theseattacksbrokethenetworkdown,madethewebsitesshutdown,broketheelectroniccommerce,broughtgreatdirectlossesinmanagementandindirectlossesinthecredential.
　　
　　III.PolicyofcontrollingthenetworkinChina
　　
　　Itwascriticisedthatintotalitarianorauthoritariansystems,thestateintrudesintoeverydomainofthecivilsocietyandleviesstrictconstraintsonthepresswithoutdeliveringacorrespondinglevelofinducements.Outr

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