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RethinkingChineseModesof
　　SocialControlandCybercrimePrevention
　　
　　LiXingan1
　　
　　Introduction
　　
　　Asdigitaltechnologieshasadvancedoverthepast50-oddyearswithaforceunprecedentedinhistory,governments,businessesandpeoplearoundtheworldhavebeenaffectedimmeasurably.Thealreadyenormousandexponentiallygrowingcapacitiesforelectronicstorage,transmissionandrapidmanipulationofbinarydatachangedthemodernlandscapevirtuallyovernight.Thechangeshaveincludedsubstantialbenefits.However,suchfundamentalrestructuringinsocietyalsoresultsincertaindisadvantages,onalllevels.Ourvulnerabilityincreaseswiththeperceivedvalueofandrelianceonthetechnologies.Increasedopportunitiesfortheindustrioustobemoreproductivealsoallowtheless-uprightnewavenuesformalevolence.2Ifcyberspaceisatypeofcommunity,agiantneighbourhoodmadeupofnetworkedcomputerusersaroundtheworld,thenitseemsnaturalthatmanyelementsofatraditionalsocietycanbefoundtakingshapeasbitsandbytes.Withelectroniccommercecomeselectronicmerchants,plugged-ineducatorsprovideonlineeducation,anddoctorsmeetwithpatientsinofficeson-line.Itshouldcomeasnosurprisethattherearealsocybercriminalscommittingcybercrimes.3
　　
　　InChina,thewordingofInternetisthatitisamoderntoolinanancientland.4Itisanenvironmentthattakesnervesandoffersbigreturnsbutalsopossiblecatastrophicloses.5Cybercrimeispaidcloseattentionduetoitshighspeedofincreaseof30percentperannum.Aslateasin1997,theCriminalLawofP.R.Chinaprovidesthebasisofconvictionandpunishments.Togetherwithseveralotherlawsandregulations,alegalsystemisbeingformedtosuppressthespreadoftheso-callednewcentury’spestilenceinthecyberspace.Insomeothercountry,writersdoubtthatexplosionofnewandpertinentstatutorylawsoverthepasttwodecadesreflectssociety’sattemptstowrestlewithanancientphenomenoninamoderncontext.6Itremainstobeseenwhetherthecurrentapproachestodeterandredresscybercrimewillprovesuccessful.7
　　
　　Theinventionofcomputerwasabitlaterthanatombomb.Butatombombisbornakillingtool,whilecomputeristheextensionofhumanwisdom,createdasahelptohumanbeingstorealisewelfare.Theyareseeminglydifferentatthispoint.Outlookonvalueis,however,alwaystheopinionsofthosewholookatthingsthroughcolouredspectacles.Ifsomethingincommonhavegottobepicked,itmaybesaidthattheatombombisthetoolbywhichsomeoneconquersothers,whilecomputeristhetoolbywhichtheysubjugatethemselves.Ifcomputerisutilisedasthetoolsofself-subjugation,itsessenceisrealised.Someonenevertheless,usescomputerasthetooltoconquerothers,andconquersociety.Thatshouldberegardedastheartificialalienationofitsessence,whencomputerinessencedegeneratestotheextentthatitisnotdifferentfromtheatombomb.
　　
　　Networkisusuallythoughtasthatitsestablishmentandpopularisationwillchangethewaysoftheexistenceandlifeofhumanbeings.Andthosewhocontrolandgraspthenetworkarethedominatorsofthefuturelifeofhumanbeings.Thosewhograsptheinformation,controlthenetwork,willpossessthewholeworld.Thus,aseriesofsocialproblem,ofwhichthemostseriousiscybercrime,haveaninklingofthematter.Althoughtherearedifferentstandardstodefiningacrime,surprisingly,aframeworkofcommonrecognitionaboutcybercrimeisreachedasyet.Astheriseofthenetwork,cybercrimesurmountsthelimitsofmaterialandspirit,becomingthephenomenonthatattractstheattentionanddeservesthereprimandbythewholeworld.Atthispoint,eventhecreatorsoftheatombombwouldbesurprisedatthehistoricaleffectemergesfromtheinventionofthosewhomadeacomputer.Buttoday,thosewhoareneitherthecreatorsofthefirstatombombsnortheinventorsofthecomputerhavetoconfrontwithcybercrime.
　　
　　I.SituationofCybercrimesinChina
　　
　　i.HistoricaldevelopmentofcybercrimeinChina
　　
　　ThefirstcybercrimestookplaceinChinainmid-1980s,20yearslaterthaninUSA.Thebankingsystembecamethefirstvictimfromwhichmoneywasembezzled,misappropriatedanddefrauded.Thefirstperiodbeganfrommidstof1980s,andendedinthemidstof1990s.
　　
　　Inthisperiod,theformsofcybercrimeweresimple.Cybercrimesweremainlycrimesagainstproperty;especiallythosecommittedinone’sduty.Inthemeantime,thenumberofthecasesisfew,whiletheharmofthecybercrimeswasgreat.Itevokedwidesocialrepercussions.Chinesebegantobevigilant:thereexistssuchakindofmonster,calledcybercrime.
　　
　　Centralissuesdrawingpublicattentionswasononeoccasionfocusedoncomputerviruses,becausethePingPongvirus,thefirstvirusthatsneakedintotheChineseboundaryviatechnicalroute,madethecomputerusers,whoneversetupdefencesbefore,turnedpaleatthemerementionofcomputervirus.Thentheharmfulnessofthecybercrimewasconsiderablycritical.Computervirusesoccupythesystemresources,andslowdowntheoperating,breakthecomputerdown,damageanddeletedata.Creatingandspreadingcomputerviruseswasanimportantformofcybercrime,whichissodifficulttoinvestigatethatthatthedetectionrateisrare.Computerviruseshavebrokendownsomestockexchangesandsupermarketsthen.In1989,virusesofpoliticalpropagandaemerged.Onlythen,Chinesegovernmentrealisedthatcybercrimeisreallyacrimebutnotagame.
　　
　　ThesecondperiodofcybercrimeinChinabeganfrom1996withthespreadofnetwork.TheChineseeconomyisdevelopingrapidly,creatingagrowingdemandfornewerandbetterinformationtechnologies.Chinaisbecomingmoreandmoreopentotheoutsideworld,participatingintheworldtrendtowardtheconstructionofaglobalinformationinfrastructure.8Network,however,wasdevelopedsomewhatlately.Thefirste-mailfromChinatotheoutsideworldwassentin1987.ThefirstChinesenetworkconnectedtotheoutsideworldwastheChinaAcademicometwork(CANET),establishedin1988.9Thefirstcommercialaccountswereestablishedin1995.Atthattime,about15,000peoplewereonline.10Sincethen,theInternethasseenexplosivegrowthinChina.1996witnesseda4xincreaseinthenumberofserviceprovidersanda10xincreaseinthenumberofsubscribers.11Chinahasabout20InternetServiceProviders(ISP)andabout100,000users.12AccordingtoreportsfromtheChinaInternetNetworkInformationCentre,thenumberofInternetusersinChinagrewto45.8millionusersbyJuly2002.ManystudiesindicatethatthenumberofNetusersinChinaisroughlydoublingeveryyearortwo.Evenifthesestudiesexaggeratethenumberofusers,thereareclearindicationsofrapidInternetgrowthinChina.
　　
　　ii.Definitionofcybercrime
　　
　

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