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　　Student:DayongZhou
　　
　　dayong_77@hotmail.com
　　
　　TheCollectivizationaandDe-collectivizationinRuralChina
　　
　　(Zhou,Dayong)
　　
　　Abstract:theprocessofde-collectivizationtookplace25yearsago,howeveritwasuncompleted,whichdeterminedthatchinahastomakegreatefforttocontinuehisruralreform,inordertoliberatethepeasantandthestatusofruralregionasthePartypromised.InChina,thenon-privatizationreformoccurredalongwiththede-collectivizationwasauncompletedreform,whichremainsthedefectsofbothcollectivizationandsmall-scalepeasanteconomy,thereforeitrestrictsthedevelopmentoftheruralsociety,however,thecurrentsystemseemsunablealsoreluctantlytochangeit.Thispaperintentstointroducetheprocessofthecollectivizationandthemostimportantruralreforminthiscentury,namelythede-collectivization,thedemonstratestheprogressionofde-collectivization,itscharactersaswellastheproblemslefttobesolve.
　　Keywords:collectivizationDe-collectivizationcollectiveownershipincomplete
　　
　　Foreword
　　IampleasedthatIamallowedtowritethetermpaperaboutChina.ChinawasinfluencedbyMarxismandwalkedindetourofhistoryforhalfcentury.BeforeMarxismbankruptedinformerSovietUnionandEasternEuropecountries,Chinahadadoptedadifferentwaytoreformfromthosecountries.Becauseofthedifferenceinaspectsofhistoricalevolution,politicalformsandnaturalenvironment,it’shardtocomparetheruralsocietyofChinawiththeseformersocialismcountriesdirectly,also,theprogressionofcollectivizationanditsendaredifferentintwocontinents.
　　Ruralchinabeforecollectivization
　　Collectivizationwasamarksystemofthesocialiststate.AlthoughintheeraofUtopiansocialism,RobertOwenforexamplehasalreadyattemptedtosetupthecollectivefarm,butitwasn’tpursuedbyforcestrengthofgovernment.EventhefounderofcommunismMarxdidn’tagreethatcommunismcouldberealizedinundevelopedcountrieswithextremelypoorproductivity.ItwasRussia,theserfcountry,inwhichCommunisttookpowerwithoutadequatepreparation;collectivizationwasimplementedbyforce,inordertoconsolidatetheruleingrass-rootcountryside.ThisexperiencehasinfluencedChinaandEasternEurope,becauseoneofthemeritsofthecollectivizationliesinbeingeasytobemanaged,theotherliesinbeingeasytodeprivepeasants.
　　Chinawasabackwardcountry,whichsufferedfromignoranceandwarforcenturies.Throughoutthecenturiessome80to90percentoftheChinesepopulationwerefarmersandliveinoneofsome900,000villages,whichhaveanaveragepopulationoffrom1,000to2,000people.Villageswerenotself-contained,self-sufficientunits.Clustersofvillagescenteredonsmallmarkettowns,whichlinkedthemtothewidereconomyandsocietybyprovidingnotonlyopportunitiestobuyandsellbutalsoopportunitiesforentertainment,information,sociallife,andahostofspecializedservices.ThetraditionalChineseelite,oftenreferredtoinEnglishasthegentrydispersedacrossthecountryandoftenlivedinruralareas,wheretheywerethedominantfiguresonthelocalscene,normallyruledvillages.Althoughtheyheldland,whichtheyrentedtotenantfarmers,theyneitherpossessedlargeestateslikeEuropeannoblesnorheldhereditarytitles.However,theytraditionallyinterpretedcentralpoliciesandnationalvaluesforvillagers.Asinfeudalrelationship,thepeasantsandgentrylivedependoneachother.Gentryprovidedlandtopoorpeasantsandtenant,andworkwithrichandmiddlepeasantstosecuretheorderinvillage,forinstanceopeningschoolandbuildingbasicinfrastructurestomaintaintheresocialstatus.InChinesehistory,atthebeginningofverydynasty,thelandrelationshipbetweenlandlordandpoorpeasantswerecomparablyfair,thatmeant,peasanthaveparcelfarmlandtoliveon.Butlandtendedtobeconcentratedonendeverydynasty,thentheremightbeapeasantuprisingledtoanewdynastyandretributionofland.ThisisthebasicclueofsocialevolutioninChinabeforecommunistperiod.
　　AftertheChineseCommunistPartycameintopowerinmainland,ithadtokeepitspromise,whichitmadeduringtheperiodofwartoencouragethepeasanttojointhearmy,thatitwouldgavepeasanttheirownland.Thefirstmajoractiontookplacefrom1940stoearly1950s.June1950,anewLandReformLawofnewPeople’sRepublicwaspromulgatedandstipulatednullificationofthefeudallandownershipsystem,andinstitutionalizationofthesystemoflandownershipbypeasants,inwhichthePartysentagentstoeveryvillagetocarryoutthelandreformpolicy.Thisinitselfwasanunprecedentedshowofpoliticalpowerandtheresolutionoftransformanoldsociety.Thereformwassuccessful,becausethepeasantssupportedthepolicy;mostofthemhadbeenwaitingforthereformforlongtime.Inthelightofthereformlaw,landwereredistributefromthelandlords,land-owningtrustsorwealthierfamiliestothepoorsegmentsinthesamevillage;villageelites,whomightbeexpectedtogoupagainstthePartyanditsprogramswerebroughtdown;newleadershipwasestablishedbypoorpeasantswhoshowedthemostloyaltytotheparty’sgoals;insteadofkinshipgrouporpatron-clientties,classstatusbecamenewrelationshipamongvillagers.
　　theprocessofCollectivization
　　However,theParty’sleaderswerenotsatisfiedwiththeprivatizationofland,atonehand,suchownership,accordingtothedoctrineofsocialism,shouldhavebeenabolishedinthestateofsocialism,atanotherhand,privateownershipofsmallpeasantryhadnofunctionofpropertyaccumulationforthecountry.Atthattime,inordertoacceleratetheconstructionofsocialism,ChinahadlaunchedTheFirstFive-YearPlanaftertheSovietmodel;heavyindustrydevelopmentwasprofoundstressedsincetheleadersofCommunistPartyregardsocialistcountryasacountrywithdevelopedindustrysectors.However,thesituationinearly1950swasnotidealforanewcountry.Pressingofneedsforfoodinacountrywithburgeoningpopulation,domesticcapitalforinvestment,andpurchaseofSoviet-suppliedtechnology,capitalequipment,andmilitaryhardware.Tosatisfytheseneeds,collectivizeagriculturewasputforward.Collectivizationwasregardasamethodtoturncountrysidetostabilebacking,whichcanbemanagedassemi-militaryandhadrarecontactwithoutside,sothatthegovernmentcouldpressthepriceofagriculturalproductsbymeansofscissorsdifferencebetweencitiesandcountryside,andseizehugenumbersofprofitfromagricultureeconomiestosupporttheindustrializationincity.Atthesametime,thegovernmenthadalreadynationalizedbanking,industry,andeventrade.Privateenterprisewasalreadyvirtuallyabolishedinnationalwide.
　　Despiteint

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