hinruralChina,whichcamealongwiththede-collectivizationandtheimplementofHouseholdResponsibilitySystem,mostpeasantshavetofacetheirrationaloccupationanddistributionsystemoffarmlandandthepoliticalsystem,whichisimpossibletochange.Besidestherewasstrictlimitationpreventpeasantsfromabandoningtheirresponsiblelandandrushingintocities,sothatthepeasantsfounditishardtochangetheirsituationorturnitmorebetterandfree.Thismayexplainwhyinruralchinaexistsalwaysthetendencyofoverpopulationbuttheincomeofhouseholdbegantodecreaseonlyafterlessthan10yearsfromthede-collectivization.Asaresult,landreforminChinahasemergedasadifficultissueinruralareasofexchangebetweensocialequalityandeconomicefficiency.Itseemsobviousthatsincethemid-1980sthewideruralsocietyhasbeencaughtinthispredicament:wheresocialequalityorequityworsened,andatsametimeeconomicefficiencyheldback..Accordingtostatistics,averagenetincomeincountrysidehasbeensloweddownforyears.In2000,thehouseholdaverageincomeonlyreached272dollars,buttheGinicoefficientinChinabaseinurbanandruralareasrosefrom0.21in1978tomorethan0.46.
　　
　　briefconclusion
　　Lookingcloselyattheinstitution,animportantlessonmightbelearned.Currently,thegoalsofequalityorequityarestilloutstandinglyimportant.Thus,aneffectivereformstrategyinChinainthecurrentenvironmentmustsatisfythesenormandthenseekefficiencyincrementally.Otherwise,itisunlikelythatanyreformapproachorprocesscansucceed.Theclarificationoflandasoneofsignificantpropertyrightshasconfirmedtobestillatanearlystage.Sofarfarmershaveonlyinsufficientpropertyrights,orwecansaythatpeasants’propertyrightsbasedoflandisstillunstable,itiscorrodedbythecurrentsystemitself.What’smore,peasantscannotgetcompensationfortheircontributioneveniftheychoosetoleaveornolongeractiveintheirvillage.Peasantssufferfrominevitablelowefficiencybuttheyfindnowaytochangethereality.Atsametime,surplusagriculturallaborcontinuestogrowinvillages,slowingdowntheprogressofruralindustrializationandurbanization,whicharestilltheaimofChinesereform.
　　Sincetheinadequacyofpropertyrightsencumberstheruralreformprocess,furtherclarificationoflandrightswillundoubtedlybeakeyissue.Althoughthisquestionisstillverycontroversialanddisputed,iftherewillbenoessentialchange,itislikelythattheruraldevelopmentprocessinChinawillcontinuetobefrustratedandmightresultinanewroundcrisisinruralChina.
　　
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　　1,Lin,J.Y.InstitutionalreformsanddynamicsofagriculturalgrowthinChina.XinhuaPress.1997
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　　4,Tan,Q.TheOriginofCollectiveTownshipandVillageEnterprisesinChina,ChineseEconomicHistory,Vol.2.1999
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