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摘要：本文根据现代水利的发展要求，探索了调水工程的设计思想如何适应新形势的发展要求。研究的主要问题包括：输水方式应适应现代水利发展思路的要求，机电设备性能与运行效益的关系，常规技术与新技术的关系，水力控制理论在调水工程建设中的作用，工程总体规划设计质量的保证问题。建议是：在输水方式的选择上应与节水、防污和生态保护有机结合起来，尽可能采用封闭式输水方式；在机电设备的选择上，应当建立“重运行效率、供水的可靠性，轻设备本身投资”的观念；对于那些效益巨大的新技术，大型调水工程建设应当成为采用新技术的典范......

关键词：调水工程 设计新思想 输水方式制

New Thought on Design of Water Diversion Projects

ABSTRACT: It is discussed what new thought on the design of water diversion projects is needed in the modern water resources. The major issues include that the water diversion mode of a project should suit for the development of the modern water resources, the selection of pump-motor units, and the relationship between regular techniques and novel ones, as well as the application of the modern hydraulic control theory to the construction of water diversion projects and the supervision for the design qualities of the projects. As a result, it is suggested for the construction of the large-scale water diversion projects as follows. Firstly, from the point of view for water saving, pollution prevention and environment protection, the closed pipes or channels had better be used for water conveyance but open channels. Secondly, in the selection of pump-motor units, it is the reliability, efficiency and regulating abilities that are the decisive factor but their costs. Thirdly, the new techniques with greatly economical benefit should be used as far as possible, even if there are some risks. Fourthly, in the design of a project, the methods of the hydraulic control should be applied to making the disposition of the hydraulic constructions, mechanical and electrical equipment and automation control systems optimize. At last, the existing supervision mode of the qualities of the designs of the projects must be improved. Besides for the exert meetings, there should be the third that carries out the computing investigation for the preliminary plans provided by the design institutes in details.

KEY WORDS: water diversion project, new thought；water diversion mode；hydraulic control；new technique ；design quality.

我国水资源时空分布极不平衡，在空间分布上南方水多，北方水少；在时间分布上，降雨量主要集中在夏季三个月内，其它月份降雨量很少。干旱缺水是我国尤其是北方地区经济社会发展的重要制约因素，据统计我国669座城市中有400座供水不足，110座严重缺水。随着我国城市化进程的加快，通过跨地区、跨流域的调水工程解决城市用水是一种必然的发展趋势。水利部汪恕诚部长曾经指出：跨流域调水将是21世纪中国水利的一大特点。

在我国修建调水工程具有悠久的历史，春秋时吴王夫差为争霸中原,于公元前486年修建了引长江水入淮河的邗沟工程，可谓中国跨流域调水工程的开创性工程。2259年前秦国蜀郡守李冰父子率众修建的都江堰引水工程引水灌溉成都平原，成就了四川“天府之国”的美誉，至今还在造福人类。新中国成立后，我国的调水工程得到了长足发展。江苏省修建了江都江水北调工程，广东修建了东深供水工程，河北与天津修建了引滦工程，山东修建了引黄济青工程，甘肃修建引大入秦工程，山西修建了引黄入晋工程，大连的引碧入连工程等。现在举世瞩目的南水北调工程正在修建。

在国外，最早的跨流域调水工程可以追溯到公元前2400年前的古埃及，从尼罗河引水灌溉至埃塞俄比亚高原南部，在一定程度上促进了埃及文明的发展与繁荣。20世纪50年代以后，国外提出了许多调水规划。据不完全统计，全球已建、再建或拟建的大型跨流域调水工程有160多项[1]。

与局部性的水电工程，如水电站、泵站不同，长距离调水工程的建设复杂得多。以南水北调中线工程为例，它规模宏大，调水流量大，输水距离长达1200多km，不同地区的水坝、水库、明渠﹑隧洞和倒虹吸管、闸门和分水闸、泵站、自动监测监控系统通过水力有机联系，必须在各环节的设计匹配的条件下，才能保证工程的建设质量。毫无疑问，现有工程经验对于今后调水工程的建设具有借鉴参考价值，但不能作为榜样照抄照搬。

修建调水工程，特别是大规模、长距离跨流域工程是一项复杂的系统工程。随着人们对水利工程和生态环境关系的认识的深化，现代水利理论逐渐形成［2-6］，强

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