aw Book Co, 1996), p. 891;P.J.Hanks,前注102,页403.
[107] 见Mutual Pools Staff Pty Ltd. v. The Commonwealth (1994) 179 CLR 155,168-169,184.
[108] (1948) 76 CLR 1,349-350. 如果将此案例与前述的印度银行国有化案相比较,会很有意思,参见前注74.
[109] 见Bank of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1948) 76 CLR 1, 349;Clunies-Ross v. The Commonwealth (1984) 155 CLR 193 at 199;Peverill v. Health Insurance Commission (1991) 104 ALR 449,454-455.
[110] Mutual Pools Staff Pty Ltd. v. The Commonwealth(1994) 179 CLR 155,177.
[111] 例如邮政、电报和电话业务、码头设施、海军和陆军国防、灯塔等。
[112] 见P.J.Hanks,前注102,页404;P.H.Lane,前注105,页163、164;参见Andrews v. Howell (1941) 65 CLR 255. 一个很明白的例子就是征税权,显然不是也不能落入规定财产权征用补偿的条款之中。
[113] Health Insurance Commission v.Peverill(1994) 179 CLR 226;Mutual Pools Staff Pty Ltd.v. The Commonwealth (1994),179 CLR 155;Re Director of Public Prosecutions; Ex Parte Lawler (1994) 179 CLR 270;Georgiadis v. Australian and Overseas Broadcasting Corporation (1994) 179 CLR 297.
[114] 见Health Insurance Commission v.Peverill(1994) 179 CLR 226;Mutual Pools Staff Pty Ltd.v. The Commonwealth (1994),179 CLR 155;Re Director of Public Prosecutions; Ex Parte Lawler (1994) 179 CLR 270;Georgiadis v. Australian and Overseas Broadcasting Corporation (1994) 179 CLR 297.
[115] 这是一个复杂的问题,在此无法展开充分讨论,一般的可见A.J.van der Walt,“Police Power Regulation of Intangible Commercial Property and the Constitutional Property Clause:a Comparative Analysis of Case Law”,(1998)vol 2.1 Electronic Journal of Comparative Law(EJCL)http://www.kub.nl/ejcl/art2-1.html;T.Allen(1993),前注65;主要原则的规定,可见于Health Insurance Commission v.Peverill(1994) 179 CLR 226;Mutual Pools Staff Pty Ltd.v. The Commonwealth (1994),179 CLR 155;Re Director of Public Prosecutions; Ex Parte Lawler (1994) 179 CLR 270;Georgiadis v. Australian and Overseas Broadcasting Corporation (1994) 179 CLR 297.进一步的可见Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd. v. The Commonwealth;The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106,165-166,196-197.
[116] 这一进路提示了根据第51(xxxi)节规定对一个可能的征用加以评判时,所应遵循的方法论。
[117] 见Mutual Pool Staff Pty Ltd. v. The Commonwealth (1994) 179 CLR 155.
[118] 在Ex Parte Lawler (1994) 179 CLR 270案中,判决认为,作为对非法使用财产权的处罚,法律规定了对财产的没收,并不构成基于第51(xxxi)节目的的征用。另可参见欧洲人权法院在AGOSI案(Allgemeine Gold-und Silberscheideanstalt AG v. United Kingdom[1987] ECHR Series A Vol 108)中的判决,判决认为,对没收而言,财产使用人的行为是一个需要加以考量的因素,以确定在个人利益和公共利益之间是否能达致一个公正的平衡。
[119] 见Mutual Pools Staff Pty Ltd.v. The Commonwealth (1994), 179 CLR155,179.存在有很好的可能性,来将这类例子与德国的Contergan判例相比较,见BverfGE 42, 263 (1976)。
[120] 见Health Insurance Commission v.Peverill(1994) 179 CLR 226 at 236.Mason,Deane和Gaudron法官表明至为重要的考量在于所讨论的剥夺“不只是在特定关系下纯粹对各方竞争性的请求、权利和责任的调整,也作为管制方案的要素起作用”。
[121] 见Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd. v. The Commonwealth;The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106,157-162.附带的,这也是欧洲人权法院所持的态度,如前注118中所提到的AGOSI案所示。
[122] Mutual Pools Staff Pty Ltd. v. The Commonwealth (1994) 179 CLR 155,179(Brennan法官的意见)。
[123] Re Director of Public Prosecutions; Ex Parte Lawler (1994) 179 CLR 270,287(Dawson法官的意见)。
[124] 特别是加拿大、欧洲委员会、德国和南非。
[125] 177 CLR 106,158.
[126] 尽管该案也引出了财产权问题,但判决则是以通讯自由为基础的。
[127] 见本文第二部分。
[128] 很明显的趋势之一,是权利法案中对社会和经济权利更为重视。
[129] 我并未对现已被替代的,南非1993年临时宪法中第28节的财产权条款加以讨论。相关的(某些时候是和1996年宪法的对比)讨论见A.Cachalia et al (eds), Fundamental Rights in the New Constitution(Cape Town, Juta Co,1994);M.Chaskalson (1993),前注39;M.Chaskalson and C.H.Lewis, “Property”in M.Chaskalson et al (eds),Constitutional Law of South Africa (Cape Town, Juta Co,1996),第31章;D.G.Kleyn,“The Constitutional Protection of Property:A Comparison Between the German and the South Africa Approach”,(1996)11 SAPL 402;J.Murphy,“Property Rights in the New Constitution:an Analytical Framework for Constitutional Review”,(1993) 26 CILSA 211;J.Murphy,“Interpreting the Property Clause in the Constitution Act of 1993”,(1995) 10 SAPL 107;T.Roux,“Property”in D Davis et al (eds.), Fundamental Rights in the Constitution:Commentary and Cases (Kenwyn, Juta p.237;A.J.van der Walt,“Notes on the Interpretation of the Property Clause in the New Constitution”,(1994)57 THRHR 181;A.J.van der Walt,前注21;A.J.van der Walt,“The Limits of Constitutional Property”,(1997)12 SAPL 274.就1996年宪法的讨论,见A.J.van der Walt,The Constitutional Property Clause: A Comparative Analysis of Section 25 of the South African Constitution of 1996 (Kenwyn, Juta
[130] 有些判例的处理还是用到了1993年临时宪法第28节,例如In re: Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (1996) (10) BCLR 1253 (CC);Transvaal Agricultural Union v. Minister of Land Affairs 1996 (12) BCLR 1573 (CC);Harksen v. Lane NO 1997 (12) BCLR 1489 (CC);1998(1)SA 300(CC)。
[131] 临时宪法第33节也包含了一组类似的规定,它也要求不得以限制来否定权利的基本内容。更一般的讨论参见A.J.van der Walt(1997),前注129,第三章;A.J.van der Walt(1997)12 SAPL 274,前注129;G.Carpenter,“Internal Modifiers and Other Qualifications in Bill of Rights—Some Problems of Interpretation”,(1995) 10 SAPL 260;I.M.Rautenbach,General Provisions of the South Africa Bill of Rights (Durban, Butterworths, 1995),第六章;S.Woolman,“Riding the Push-me Pull-you:Constructing a Test That Reconciles the Conflicting Interests Which Animate the Limitation Clause”,(1994) 10 SAJHR 60;S.Woolman,“Out of Order?Out of Balance?The Limitation Clause of the Final Constitution”,(1997) 13 SAJHR 102.
[132] 见本文第一部分中对加拿大法的讨论。
[133] (1986)26 DLR 4th 200.
[134] 特别的见Sachs法官在Soobramoney v. Minister of Health,Kwz Zulu-Natal (1998) (1) SA 765 (CC) 783 C [54]案中的意见,参较Langa法官在City Council of Pretoria v. Walker (1998) (3) BCLR 257 (CC) 291[82]案中的意见。相反的提示见Goldstone法官在Harksen v. Lane NO (1997 上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页
Tags:
|