的发展。生命过程中某个个人位置反映了一组特殊能力,与他人关系,动机,责任,义务,约束以及对世界认识的集合。这些体现为在不同社会环境下人们生活过程中的可识别的各种各样的行为模式或发展轨迹 [34]-[35]。确切的发展性理解是以动态的时间视角定位行为和事件,把这些行为和事件看作是早期情况的发展延续。以动态的视角看,生命进程中,行为及其意义依据不同生涯的发展而改变。我们这里的任务是要概化这一机制:个人通过这一机制接受他人和社会背景资源的信息,组织和处理这些信息,赋予行动意义,并把生命发展起伏过程中的不同生活领域和阶段与其他领域和阶段相调适。 对生命进程的认知性解释可以视为个体行为及选择的动态背景。这种认知解释对不同生涯中以共时和历时形式所建构的经验进行解读。这种对个人历史的动态性评估是潜含在人的行为决策之中的认知图式建构的决定性因素。这些认知图式不是静态的,而是随着生命过程的发展不断建构的。虽然个体生命过程是个人信息流过程,但是它完全是嵌入社会之中的,不仅是因为对人们发展历史的解释要依靠社会建构的意义规则,而且是因为,生命进程的组织反映了先于生命进程发展的特殊社会环境的影响。就这个意义上,以人们的心理表现所体现出来的个体发展历史,拥有两个基本的时间维度发展轨迹:制度时间和个人时间。 迁移与生命进程存在密切联系,有不少研究集中于生命进程模式对迁移决策的影响 [36]。有研究表明,那些有可能改变住所意图的迁移者正是那些处在生命进程中发展阶段并有向上流动潜能的人[37]。罗格斯与沃特肯斯 [38]通过实证研究发现,在生命转变的过程中,即儿童早期、进入劳动力市场早期、退休和老年晚期四个年龄段是迁移的高峰。影响迁移的具体的个人生命进程转变主要包括:ⅰ离开父母的迁移决策。主要有三个原因:一是必须进入好等教育机构;二是为了寻找第一份工作;三是组建新的性生活单位。ⅱ结婚或离婚影响迁移。ⅲ生育与迁移。许多经验研究证实家庭户迁移是为了调整适合家庭规模的居住空间。ⅳ退休与迁移。在许多国家,养老金制度允许退休者停止工作,而不担心陷入贫困,寿命延长和健康水平提高允许老年人积极参与流动和迁移。许多老年人迁移决策的核心是为了与亲属住得近或是为了能有人照料。 评论 人口统计学需要理论基础,但作为一个以描述人口与人口变化为核心任务的学科,它本身并不是以追求理论为目的,也不需要复杂的理论来阐释呈现各种事实状况的统计数值。但是,要对人口现象和人口变化进行恰当解释,它却需要行为理论为背景。这种理论背景对解决不断循环出现的问题是不可缺少的,原因就在于它为回答这些问题提供了解释的框架。本文的解释模式没有给迁移提供彻底的、无所不包的理论,但就扩展学科理论基础,融合不同研究方法而言,他的确为迁移研究提供了理论深度。笔者大胆设想,本文的分析框架可以用来分析中国的生育率(布如金先生已对生育理论和印度的生育状况进行了分析)、出生性别比,甚至对分析老龄问题也有意义。 参考文献 [1] Bruijn, Bart J. de. 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