第四，围湖造田的结果还破坏了水生资源。江南地区的湖泊，水生资源极为丰富，如丹阳练湖，在唐代就有“菰蒲茭芡之多，龟鱼鳖蜃之生，厌饮江淮，膏润数州”之称③；四明广德湖有“菰蒲凫鸟，四时不绝”之绕④。越州鉴湖更有“鱼鳖虾蟹之类不可胜食，茭荷菱芡之实不可胜用”之誉⑤。这些水生资源，一方面为人们提供了丰富的食品，另一方面又为牲畜提供了饲料，为编织、造纸提供了原料，有的还是良好的药材，故此，具有颇高的经济价值。围湖造田以后，特别是废湖以后，这些水生资源便面临了绝灭之灾。对此，历代有识之士都给予了极大关注。如徐次铎在《复镜湖议》中如是说：“使湖果复旧，水常弥满，则鱼鳖虾蟹之类不可胜食，茭荷菱芡之实不可胜用，纵民采捕其中，其利自溥。”⑥陈仲宜等在上徽宗书中也指出诸路湖泺池塘陂泽被围占以后“贫窭细民，频失采取莲荷蒲藕、菱芡、鱼鳖虾蚬蚌螺之类，不能糊口营生”⑦。类似的记载尚能举出不少。这些史料无疑都说明古

——————————————

    ①(清)徐松：《宋会要辑稿·食货七》。

    ②(明)王圻：《续文献通考》卷3《田赋》。

    ③(唐)李华：《润州丹阳县复练塘颂》，《全唐文》卷314。

    ④《四明郡志·鄞县·山川》。

    ⑤(宋)徐次铎：《复镜湖议》，引自《农政全书》卷16《水利·浙江水利》．

    ⑥(宋)徐次铎：《复镜湖议》，引自《农政全书》卷16《水利·浙江水利》。

⑦(清)徐松：《宋会要辑稿·食货六一》。

代江南地区围湖造田后水生资源遭到了严重的破坏①。

近年来，随着长江流域生态环境的恶化，江南地区水灾频仍。圩田由于自身抗洪能力的低下，其弊端也更显突出，成为制约本地区社会经济发展的瓶颈之一。如何使这种传统水利田继续发挥作用是迫切需要解决的现实问题。作为史学工作者，我们在继续深入研究圩田史的基础上，应该以史为鉴，结合历史上对圩田的治理献计献策，更多地关注目前江南圩区的生态环境问题。我们应该与水利部门合作，摸清圩田形成的历史过程，总结利弊，根据不同的地貌特征和水文情况采取不同的方式进行整治。以防治水患为前提，提高圩田开发水平，同时，要加大治理江南地区河流湖泊的力度，加强湖泊生态工程建设，切实禁止新的围堤筑圩，对过度围筑的田地，要根据条件和可能，有计划地退田还湖，移民建镇，改善生态环境，以保证该地区“生态——经济——社会”三维复合系统的健康运行与可持续发展。

————————————————

  ①参见闵宗殿：《两宋东南围湖》，载《太湖水利史论文集》(打印稿)，1986年。

Cultivation of Diked Paddy--Fields in Ancient South--East China

and Their Effects on Ecological Environment

      Abstract：The diked paddy— fields (low— lying paddy— fields surrounded with dikes), roughly introduced in the period of Three Powers, rapidly developed during the times of North and South Song Dynasties and reaching their prime in Ming and Qing Dynasties, are a peculiar form of farming fields created by the people of South—East China through their long practice in water control and field man- agement. The essay, based on large amounts of historical documents, comprehensively looks into the course and characteristics of the cultivation of diked paddy—fields in South—East China, researches on the historical and natural factors of their prosperity and briefly analyzes their functions. On such a basis, it concretely discusses the effects of the cultivation on ecological environment and holds the view that the damage of the original hydro geological environment by over—cultivation in South—East China results in the serious situation of “no reservation of water and no irrigation when drought” and thus greatly increases difficulties in flood prevention.  Local governments through ages act on their own way without cooperation among diked paddy—fields in different areas and therefore local floods take place every year due to breakdown of the dikes. The great shrinking of lake areas because of too much reclamation affects the function of lakes in adjusting water volume and destroys ecological condi- tions of the area, leads to frequent disasters. In addition, after reclaiming, especially draining lakes, various aquatic resources are gravely ruined.

  Key words: ancient times；South—East China；cultivation of diked paddy—fields；ecological envi- ronment; aquatic resources