扩大新的宜牧地区。尽管游牧民族在经济发展水平、军事组织才能和人口的数量、素质方面都落后于农业民族,但其强悍的民族性格、灵活机动的战略战术等军事优势是农业民族所无法比拟的[(6)]。而此时,中原农业王朝又因国势衰微无力抵御北方游牧民族的攻势,弃都南逃,偏安江南,形成南北对峙局面。到中国封建社会后期,由于寒冷气候周期的延长和寒冷程度的加剧,促使北方游牧民族向农耕世界的进攻,中原农业政权步步退却,出现了北方游牧民族统治农耕世界的王朝。 寒冷气候结束之后,温暖气候期接踵而至,黄河流域气温回升,降水增加,农业复苏,经济发展,国势增强,出现太平盛世。游牧人退出中原,重返这时同样水草丰美的草原世界。两者各得其所,相安无事,彼引进行和平友好的经济、文化交流。 应当指出,历史发展,包括王朝的兴衰更迭、北方游牧民族的南进北撤等,是多种因素相互影响、综合作用的结果,气候的变化只是诱发因素,只能决定其发展的方式、方向、速度和进程。在历史过程中,应该承认气候—生态—经济—社会的连锁反应或反馈机制对于社会和历史发展的重要影响。纵观2000多年的历史,历代王朝的兴衰和游牧民族政权疆域南界的变化等,都与气候上冷暖干湿的波动变化之间呈现出大体同步的相关或共振关系,而且不只局限于一朝一代或某一特定时段。因此,中国历史发展与气候变化之间,具有一定的内在联系。 参考文献 1 谭其骧主编.中国历史地图集.北京:地图出版社,1982,各册有关部分 2 竺可桢.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究.中国科学(B辑),1973,(2):226~256 3 徐馨,等.全新世环境.贵州:贵州人民出版社,1990,228 4 贾兰波,等.河南淅川县下王岗遗址中的动物群.文物,1977,(6):41~49 5 郑斯中,等.我国东南地区近2000年气候湿润状况的变化.见:中央气象局研究所.气候变迁和超长期预报文集.北京:科学出版社,1977.29~32 6 世界历史编辑部.吴于廑谈世界历史上的游牧世界和农耕世界.世界历史,1983,(1):10~16 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MIGRATING SOUTH OF THE NOMADIC NATIONALITIES IN NORTH CHINA AND THE CLIMATIC CHANGES ABSTRACT In this paper the corresponding relationship between the migrating south of the nomadic nationalities in North China and the climatic changes is studied.In the warm period the nomadic nationalities dwelt in north of the Great Wall lived together in peace with the agricultural nationality dwelt in the Central Plains (comprising the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River).However the in cold period the nomadicomationalities lauched an all-out offensive on agricultural world because the for age grass withered,the water source had dried up in the prairie.At the same time in the Central Plains the agricultural world wasalso hit by the cold climate,the agriculture drop in production,the economy depressed,the national power declined.Thus,they cannot sustain the blows from nomadic world.Because the period of cold climate got longer and longer,and the degree of cold climate got bigger and bigger inrecent 2000 years,the extent of migrating south of the nomadic nationalities became larger and larger.In fact as early as the Han Dynasty the theory of "Interaction between heaven and man’s world"had been founded.The theory is the concentrared expression of feedback machanism ofclimate-ecology-economy-society. Key Words:Nomadic nationality power;Climatic change;Migrating south 上一页 [1] [2] [3]
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