15.2 Damages upon Substitute Transactions
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Presupposed Situations Calling for Concrete Calculation
15.2.3 Substitute Transaction must be Reasonable Substitute
15.3 Damages upon Current Price
15.3.1 Introduction
15.3.2 Presupposed Situations Calling for Abstract Calculation
15.3.3 Determination of “Current Price”
15.3.3.1 In general
15.3.3.2 Reference point
15.3.3.3 Relevant place
15.4 Further Damages

Chapter 16 Agreed Payment for Non-performance

Chapter 17 Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees
17.1 General Considerations
17.1.1 Introduction
17.1.2 Recoverability under “Loser-pays” Principle
17.1.3 Excluded by “American Rule”
17.2 CISG Decisions Concerning Attorneys’ Fees
17.3 Problematic Recovery under Art. 74 CISG

Chapter 18 Payment of Interest
18.1 Introduction
18.2 General Entitlement to Interest
18.3 Additional Damages
18.4 Interest on Damages
18.5 Accrual of Interest
18.6 Rate of Interest


PART V EXCUSES
Chapter 19 Change of Circumstances
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Underlying Doctrine: rebus sic stantibus
19.3 Different Approaches to Changed Circumstances
19.3.1 Historical Review
19.3.2 National Doctrines
19.3.3 International Perspective
19.3.3.1 Public international law
19.3.3.2 International commercial practice
19.3.4 Conclusion
19.4 Definitions of Force Majeure and Hardship
19.4.1 Force Majeure
19.4.2 Hardship
19.4.3 Comparison
19.5 General Approaches in the Studied Instruments
19.5.1 Approach under the CISG
19.5.2 Approach under the UNIDROIT Principles
19.5.3 Approach under the PECL
19.5.4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 20 Force Majeure
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Relevant Texts
20.2.1 Exemptions: CISG Art. 79
20.2.2 Force Majeure: UPICC Art. 7.1.7
20.2.3 Excuse Due to an Impediment: PECL Art. 8:108
20.2.4 Comparison
20.3 General Rule
20.3.1 Scope of Excusable Non-performance
20.3.2 Existence of Qualifying Impediment
20.3.2.1 Introduction of a new word
20.3.2.2 Interpretation of the word
20.3.2.3 Problematic situations
20.3.3 Conditions for Exempting Impediment
20.3.3.1 Beyond control
20.3.3.2 Unforeseeable
20.3.3.3 Unavoidable or insurmountable
20.3.3.4 Causation
20.4 Responsibility for Third Parties
20.5 Temporary Impediment
20.6 Duty to Notify
20.7 Effects
20.7.1 In General
20.7.2 Effect on Right to Damages
20.7.3 Effect on Right to Performance
20.7.4 Effect on Right to Termination

Chapter 21 Hardship
21.1 Gap in the CISG?
21.2 Interplay Between CISG Excuse and UPICC/PECL Hardship
21.2.1 Hardship: UPICC Arts. 6.2.1 through 6.2.3
21.2.2 Change of Circumstances: PECL Art. 6:111
21.2.3 Gap-filling Application of Hardship Provisions?
21.3 Conditions for Invoking Hardship
21.3.1 In General
21.3.2 Crucial Point: Fundamental Alteration of Equilibrium
21.3.3 Additional Requirements for Hardship to Arise
21.3.3.1 Time factor: occurrence after conclusion
21.3.3.2 Unforeseeability
21.3.3.3 Risk not assumed
21.4 Effects of Hardship
21.4.1 In General
21.4.2 Triggering of Renegotiation
21.4.2.1 Request for renegotiation
21.4.2.2 Renegotiation in good faith
21.4.3 Court Measures in case of Hardship
21.4.4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 22 Force Majeure & Hardship Clauses
22.1 General Considerations
22.2 Force Majeure Clause
22.2.1 Introduction
22.2.2 Drafting Considerations
22.3 Hardship Clause
22.3.1 Introduction
22.3.2 Drafting Considerations
22.4 Overlapping of the Clauses
22.5 Use of Standard Forms: ICC No. 421 (partial)