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　　INTRODUCTION
　　
　　Thegrowthofinternationaltrademakessomekindofunificationnecessary.Increasedtradeoverseashasdrawnattentiontotheproblemsthatarecausedbythedifferentwaysinwhichcountrieshavechosentoregulateinternationalsales.Andthelegalcommunityhastriedtofacilitateoverseastradethrougheffortstoharmonizenationallawsbylegislativeornon-legislativemeans.
　　Againstsuchabackground,theanalysisinthiscontributionisfocusedontheCISG,UNIDROITPrinciplesandPECL--threeofthemostimportantinternationalinstrumentsfortheregulationofinternationalcommercialtransactionswhichcombineelementsfrombothcivillawandcommonlawsystems.Insodoing,thiscontributionprovidesacomparativeanalysisoftheseinstruments.Itismerelythoughtthatcomparisonis,probably,oneofthemostefficientwaystounderlinesomeoftheuniquefeaturesinherentinsomelegalregimesandtodevelopsolutionstoexistingtheoreticalproblems.However,asmostoftheauthorsdealingwiththevastdomainofthisareawouldhavedone,theauthorinthiscontributionhasnevermeanttomakeanexhaustiveexaminationofinternationalcommerciallaw,bearinginmindthattheabilityofasinglecontributiontodealwithitsmanyissuesislimited.Theapproachofferedhereistoreviewsomeofthekeyissuesfrequentlybefellininternationaltrade,basedonthosegenerallyacceptedprinciplesorelaboraterulesasevidencedbyinternationalrestatementsorconventionsandusagesandpracticesorso-calledlexmercatoriathatiswidelyknowntoandregularlyobservedininternationalcommercialtransactions.
　　Particularly,itissaidthatnoaspectofasystemofcontractlawismorerevealingofitsunderlyingassumptionsthanisthelawthatprescribesthereliefavailablefornon-performance(breach).Issuesrelatingtotheremedialprovisionsaredifficultandcentralsubstantiveissues,whichwillnodoubtbethefocusofalargepartofthediscussionanddeliberationsurroundingapplicationofcommerciallawonbothadomesticandaninternationallevel.Therefore,thestudyinthiscontributionfocuses,inlightoftraditionalandmoderntheories,ontheremedialschemeestablishedundereachofthethreebodiesofrules,namelyPartIII(partial)oftheCISG,Chapter7oftheUNIDROITPrinciplesandChapters8and9ofthePECL.Inpracticalterms,thesesectorsarethesubstantiveheartoftheparticularinstruments.Itiswherethecorrespondingsolutionstoalargeproportionofrealworlddisputesincommercialtransactionsaretobefound.
　　Thecomparativeanalysiscontainedspeculatesonthepotentialsimilaritiesanddifferencesofthesesectors,intendingtoenunciateruleswhicharecommonininternationalcommerciallawandatthesametimetoselectthesolutionswhichseembestadaptedtothespecialrequirementsofinternationaltrade.Oneshouldnote,however,thattotheextentthiscontributiondoesn’tgiveabsoluteprioritytoanyoneofthethreeinstruments,wheneveritisnecessarytochoosebetweenconflictingrulesandsometimethentoderiveanumberofgeneralprincipleswhichapplytoalloftherules,what’sdecisivetothecriterionusedisnotjustwhichruleismandatoryoradoptedbythemajorityofjurisdictions,butratherwhichoftherulesunderconsiderationhavethemostpersuasivevalueand/orappeartobeparticularlywellsuitedforinternationalcommercialtransactions.
　　
　　SummaryofContents
　　
　　PARTIGENERALREVIEW
　　Chapter1SourcesofInspiration
　　Chapter2RemediesAvailableuponNon-performance
　　
　　PARTIIPRESERVINGPERFORMANCE
　　Chapter3SpecificPerformance
　　Chapter4NachfristforLatePerformance
　　Chapter5CurebyNon-performingParty
　　Chapter6PriceReductionforNon-conformity
　　
　　PARTIIITERMINATION
　　Chapter7RighttoTermination
　　Chapter8FundamentalNon-performance
　　Chapter9AnticipatoryNon-performance
　　Chapter10TerminationofBreachedInstallmentorPart
　　Chapter11DeclarationofTermination
　　Chapter12EffectsofTermination
　　
　　PARTIVDAMAGES
　　Chapter13GeneralMeasureofDamages
　　Chapter14LimitstoClaimsforDamages
　　Chapter15DamagesuponTermination
　　Chapter16AgreedPaymentforNon-performance
　　Chapter17RecoveryofAttorneys’Fees
　　Chapter18PaymentofInterest
　　
　　PARTVEXCUSES
　　Chapter19ChangeofCircumstances
　　Chapter20ForceMajeure
　　Chapter21Hardship
　　Chapter22ForceMajeure&HardshipClauses
　　
　　TableofContents
　　
　　PARTIGENERALREVIEW
　　Chapter1SourcesofInspiration
　　1.1Introduction
　　1.2OverviewoftheStudiedInstruments
　　1.2.1CISG
　　1.2.2UNIDROITPrinciples
　　1.2.3PECL
　　1.2.4BriefComparison
　　1.3MajorSourcesofInformation
　　
　　Chapter2RemediesAvailableuponNon-performance
　　2.1Introduction
　　2.2TheConcepts:BreachofContractvs.Non-performance
　　2.3RemedialSchemesoftheStudiedInstruments
　　2.3.1CISGPartIII(Partial)
　　2.3.2UPICCChapter7
　　2.3.3PECLChapters8,9
　　2.3.4ConcludingRemarks
　　2.4StructureofthisBook
　　PARTIISAVINGCONTRACT
　　PARTIIITERMINATION
　　PARTIVDAMAGES
　　PARTVEXCUSES
　　
　　PARTIIPRESERVINGPERFORMANCE
　　Chapter3SpecificPerformance
　　3.1ComprisedApproachundertheCISG
　　3.1.1Introduction
　　3.1.2PrimacyofSpecificPerformanceunderArt.46/62
　　3.1.3Forum’sRuleunderArt.28
　　3.2Buyer’sRighttoSpecificPerformance:CISGArt.46
　　3.2.1Introduction
　　3.2.2GeneralRule:Art.46(1)
　　3.2.2.1Righttorequireperformance
　　3.2.2.2Non-resortingtoinconsistentremedies
　　3.2.3RighttoDemandCure:Arts.46(2)and46(3)
　　3.2.3.1Ingeneral
　　3.2.3.2Deliveryofsubstitutegoods:Art.46(2)
　　3.2.3.3Righttorepair:Art.46(3)
　　3.2.3.4Timelimitrestriction
　　3.2.3.5Asummary
　　3.3Seller’sRighttoSpecificPerformance:CISGArt.62
　　3.3.1RationaleofArt.62
　　3.3.2GeneralApplication
　　3.3.2PotentialProblems
　　3.4UniformRemedyinUPICC/PECL
　　3.4.1Introduction
　　3.4.2PerformanceofMonetaryObligation
　　3.4.2.1Moneyduegenerallyrecoverable
　　3.4.2.2Moneynotyetdue
　　3.4.3PerformanceofNon-monetaryObligation:InGeneral
　　3.4.4ExceptionstoPerformanceofNon-monetaryObligation
　　3.4.4.1Theprincipleandexceptions
　　3.4.4.2Performanceimpossible
　　3.4.4.3Unreasonableburden
　　3.4.4.4Performancefromanothersourceavailable
　　3.4.4.5Performanceofanexclusivelypersonalcharacter
　　3.4.4.6Unreasonabledelayinrequiringperformance
　　3.4.5RighttoRequireRemedyingofDefectivePerformance
　　3.4.6OtherIssues
　　
　　Chapter4NachfristforLatePerformance
　　4.1GeneralConsiderations
　　4.2RationaleUnderlyingtheOptionalApproach
　

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