mentaryisadvocatedbyearlyscholarshipofGermanyandSwitzerland,whilethescholarshipsduringthepastfewyearsareinclinedtothedoctrineofindependence.
　　(c).IftheholderofB/Listhebuyerofthecontractonsale:
　　i).Oncethetradetermsofsymboldeliverysuchas“FOB,CIP,CFR”areagreedincontract,iftheshipperdeliversthegoodstothecarrierattheportofshipment,hisobligationofdeliveryhasbeenperformed.UnlesstheholderofB/Lcouldprovethattheshipperhastheapparentnegligencewhenselectingthecarrier,hecannotclaimtotheseller.It’ssimilartotheissueof“absolutepayment”or“relativepayment”inL/C.
　　ii.Oncethetradetermsofphysicaldeliveryareagreedincontract,Intheory,ifthecarrierreleasesofgoodswithoutB/L,theholderoforiginalB/Lcanclaimdirectlytothesellerfordeliveryaccordingtothecontractonsale.
　　b.    IftheholderofB/Listhesellerofcontract:
　　(a).TheholderofB/Lcansuethecarrier:
　　Thecauseofactionone:“breachofcontract”,Nowitisbasedonthecontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandshipper.TheeffectofobligationofB/LismeaningfulonlyinthescoreofprotectingthecurrentofB/L.ThewrittennatureofB/Ldoesn’tprotectthecarrier,sothecarriercan’tinvokeforhisownbenefits.
　　Thecauseofactiontwo:“tort”:thereasonisasaforesaid.
　　(b).TheholderofB/LsuesthepersonwhotakesdeliverywithoutB/L.
　　Thecauseofactionone:“tort”
　　Thecauseofactiontwo:“Undueenrichment”.Thereasonisasaforesaidmentioned.
　　(c).IfthepersonwhotakesdeliverywithoutB/Listhebuyerofcontract:
　　Becauseofthecarrier’sactofreleasingofgoodswithoutoriginalB/Ltothebuyerofcontractonsale,thebuyerdoesn’tredeemthedocumentsbypayingtheseller.ThesellercontrolstheB/L,butboththegoodsandmoneyarelost.Sothesellercanrecoverofpaymenttothebuyer.
　　Inpractice,theholderofB/Lusuallybringsanactionagainstonlythecarrierorallthedebtorstocourt,sothecourtisalwaysconfusedwhenplacingacaseonfileforinvestigationandprosecutionorhearingcase.[35]
　　Actually,itconstitutestheunrealjointandseveralliabilitiesofcivillaw.Namely,accordingtothedifferentlegalrelationships,theobligeeenjoystherightofclaimtoseveraldebtorsinthecontentofuniformsubjectofmatter.Nomatterfromwhichdebtorthecreditor’srightissatisfied,allthedebtsoftheotherdebtorswillextinct.Intheory,theunrealjointandseveralliabilitiesaretheco-existenceofrights,andtheobligeecannotonlyclaimtoonedebtorforperformingthedebts,butalsohecanclaimtoseveraldebtorsforperformingtheunrealjointandseveralliabilities.InthecaseofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L,theobligesofseverallegalrelationshipsareuniform——theholderofB/L,butthedebtorsaredifferent.Thesubjectofmatterofseverallegalrelationshipsisunanimous.Therightthattheyadvocateistheownershipofthegoods.IftheholderofB/Lclaimstoanydebtorforthesubstantiverightsuccessfully,theotherdebtors’obligationswillextinct.
　　Alltheanalysesmentionedabovecanbeindicatedintheformofgraphicstatement:
　　Auxiliarygraph:theresponsibilityattributionandexertionoflegalcapacitytosueofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L:
　　
　　
　　
　　TheholderofB/Lisnotthesell    TheholderofB/Listheseller
　　Objectofaction    Causeofaction    Exertionoflegalcapacitytosue    Objectofaction    Causeofaction    Exertionoflegalcapacitytosue
　　Carrier    breachofcontracttort    Concurrent    Carrier    BreachofcontractTort    concurrent
　　ThepersondeliveringwithoutB/L    TortUndueenrichment    JointtortConcurrent    ThepersondeliveringwithoutB/L    tortundueenrichment    JointtortConcurrent
　　seller    Breachofcontract(iftheholderisbuyerandthecontractisphysicaldelivery)        buyer    Breachofcontract(ifthedelivereristhebuyer)    
　　
　　4.    LetterofguaranteeofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L——Theinterpellationtotherecenttheoryandpractice.
　　
　　FacedtothecontradictionofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L,itiscommontotakedeliverywithcopiedB/Linadditiontoletterofguarantee.In1983,theMinistryofForeignEconomicandTradeissuedinstrumentintheformofnotice,permittingtotakedeliverywithcopiedB/Linadditiontoletterofguarantee.It’sbeneficialtorelaxthepressureofport,reducetheextensionofshippingandacceleratethecirculationofgoods.Somepeoplesaid“theletterofguaranteeisthelubricantbetweentradeandshipping”.[36]Butrecently,theissueofletterofguaranteeisuniverse.Moreover,the《MaritimeLawofPRC》doesn’tregulatetheissueofletterofguarantee,soitbringaboutlong-timedisputeamongpeople.
　　a.    Thecharacterofletterofguarantee:
　　Letterofguaranteeisthedocumentthattheguarantorissuestothecarrierunilaterally.Itbelongstoanoffer.TheacceptancetotheletterofguaranteeandtheactofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/Lconstitutetheacceptance.Sotheyconstitutethecontractofsuretyshipcommonly——anagreementofcompensativesuretyship.AccordingtotheProvision6of《GuaranteeLawofPRC》“Theguaranteementionedinthislawmeanstheactthattheguarantorperformsthedebtorundertakestheresponsibilitywhenthedebtordoesn’tperformtheobligationsaccordingtotheagreementbetweentheguarantorandcreditor”.ThemaincontentofletterofguaranteeunderthecircumstanceofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/ListhattheguarantorguaranteestotaketheresponsibilitytothecarrierbecauseofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L,andrecoverthecarrier’sdamagesbecauseofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L.
　　b.    Thevalidityofletterofguarantee——theinterpellationtothecriterionof“goodfaithandmalice”
　　Sincealong-termperiod,themosttypicalstandingpointaboutthevalidityofletterofguaranteeisjudgingthevalidityaccordingtothegoodfaithormaliceofguarantor:themaliceletterofguaranteeisinvalid,andthegoodfaithletterofguaranteeisvalidonlybetweentherelativeperson.[37]Thisviewpointisverypopularintherecentacademiccircleandmaritimetrialbecauseoftheinfluenceofsub-section2and3ofProvision17,《HamburgRules》[38].
　　Butitisdifficulttooperateinpractice.Thecriterionofgoodfaithandmaliceisdifficulttograsp,anddoesn’ttakenoticeofthecharacterofletterofguarantee.OncesomepeoplestressedthataccordingtotheProvision5of《GuaranteeLaw》:“Thecontractofguaranteeistheaccessorycontractofmastercontract,ifthemastercontractisinvalid,theaccessorycontractisinvalideither”.BecausetheactofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/Lisabsenceoflegalbasis,belongingtoillegalactivity,theletterofguaranteeasthecontractofsuretyshipisinvalideither.[39]Thisstandin

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