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　　OnthereleaseofgoodswithoutPresentationofB/Lincarriageofgoodsbysea
　　——TakingintoconsiderationtheintrospectionandquerytothefocusofissueofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L
　　
　　SummaryIntroduction
　　
　　Billsoflading,thedocumentinventedbyEuropeanmerchant,hasbecomethebasisofinternationaltradeandshippingbyhundredsofyears’practice,customsandimprovements.[1]Theseyears,thecaseoftakingdeliverywithoutB/Lhasbeenalargeproportioninmaritimetrials,becomingthefocusoftheissueofB/L.Ithasbeenalongtimepeopleargueditsnature,legalresponsibilityandthelegalvalidityoftheletterofguarantee.Somepeopleevensay“takingdeliverywithoutB/Lnearlyisoneofthe‘aberrant’oceancarriageactsrelatingtothemostproblemsintheoryandpractice.”[2]Itwillbenecessarytothrashovertheproblemforcarrier,theownerofgoods,agentofshippingandgoodsandthepartiesoftrade,anditwillbebeneficialtoimproveourcreditofforeigntrade.Thisarticlewillregulatetheseissuessystematicallyandtrytointerpellatetheviewpointaboutthecharacterofthisactandthevalidityoftheletterofguarantee.Meanwhileitwillrecognizethelegalresponsibilityoftheissuelogicallyfromanewangular.AtlastitwillgivesomeresolutionstosolvetheproblemoftakingdeliverywithoutoriginalB/L.
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　Listofcontent
　　
　　1.    LegalbasisoftakingdeliverywithoriginalB/L:
　　(a).ThelegalcharacterofB/LdemandsoftakingdeliverywithoriginalB/L
　　(b).TakingdeliverywithoriginalB/Lisaninternationalusage
　　2.    Thejudgment,causality,typicalmodelanddemuroftheactofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L:
　　(a).ThecriterionforjudgmentoftheactofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L
　　(b).ThecausalityandtypicalmodelofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L
　　(c).ThedemurofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L
　　3.    TheresponsibilityattributionandexertionoflegalcapacitytosueofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L——thecriticismtothe“doctrineofbreachofcontract”,“doctrineoftort”,“doctrineofconcurrent”
　　(a).ThedoctrinesoftheresponsibilityattributionofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/Landtheevaluationofthem
　　(b).TheposteriorifromthelogicallysubsequentoftheresponsibilityattributionofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L
　　4.    LetterofguaranteeofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L——theinterpellationtorecenttheoryandpractice
　　(a).Thenatureofletterofguarantee
　　(b).Thevalidityofletterofguarantee——theinterpellationtothecriterionof“goodfaithandmalice”.
　　(c).Theextendingtendencyoftheindependenceofletterofguarantee——DemandGuarantees.
　　5.    TheresolutiontotheissueofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L.
　　(a).Theadvicegiventosolvetheissue
　　(b).Theevaluationtotheadvicementionedaboveandtheviewpointaboutit
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　    
　　1.    LegalbasisoftakingdeliverywithoriginalB/L:
　　
　　(a).ThelegalcharacterofB/LdemandsoftakingdeliverywithoriginalB/L:
　　The《HamburgRules》(1978)definedB/Las:“adocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocuments.Aprovisioninthedocumentthatthegoodsaretobedeliveredtotheorderofanamedperson,ortoorder,ortobearer,constitutessuchanundertaking.”
　　Ononehand,B/Listhereceiptofgoodsandtheevidenceofthecontrastofcarriage.Oncetherelationshipofcontrastofcarriagehasbeenestablishedbetweenthecarrierandconsigner,thecarrierwillhavetheobligationtodeliverthegoodstotheconsigneedominatedintheB/Lintact.UntillthecarrierdeliversthegoodtotheholderoforiginalB/L,theobligationwillnotbeperformedandthecontractofcarriagewillnotterminate.
　　Ontheotherhand,B/Listhetitleofdocument.There’soneopinionthatB/LrepresentstheownershipofthegoodsdominatedinB/L,andtakingpossessionofB/Lhasthesamelegalvalidityasholdingtheownershipofgoods.[3]TheassignmentofB/Lmeansthetransferofownership.Therefore,thecarriermustreleaseofgoodswithpresentationoforiginalB/L.[4]Infact,theviewabovedistortstheimplicationof“titleofdocument”.Thebasicfeatureof“titleofdocument”isassignmentwithoutanyformalassignmentoranynoticetodebtor.Itonlyindicatesthepossession,havingnorelationshipwithownership,Rightsinfiltratedocument,thereforeithasformedthemostimportantcommercialprinciplethatonlytodelivergoodstotheholderofB/L,thedebtwillbeclearedoff[5].JustasJudgeRixsaid:“Inmyjudgment,atrueownercannotintheabsenceofsomespecialarrangementobligeashipownertodeliverhisgoodstohimwithoutpresentinghisbilloflading.”[6]Namely,eventhetrueownerofgoodsmusttakedeliverywithoriginalB/L.
　　(b).TakingdeliverywithoriginalB/Lisaninternationalusage.
　　TakingdeliverywithoriginalB/Lhasbeenalawsystemacceptedandgenerallyacknowledgednearlybyeverystate.Asaninternationaltradeusage,ithasbeengenerallyobservedinshippingpractice.In1983theMinistryofForeignEconomicandTradeissuedaninstrumentintheformofnotice,permittingtotakedeliveryofgoodswithcopiedB/Linadditiontoletterofguarantee.Butinacademiccircles,peoplegenerallydon’tregarditaslegislativedocumentofgovernment,butakindofnormativedocumentwhichhascoordinativeeffect.[7]TakingdeliverywithoriginalB/Lstillmustbeobservedasaninternationalusage.
　　2.    Thejudgment,causality,typicalmodelanddemurtotheactofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L.
　　
　　(a).ThecriterionforjudgmentoftheactofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L
　　Whetherthecarrier’sactofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/Lhascompletedornot,weshouldtakeintoconsiderationwhetherthegoodshasbeendeliveredinlaw,namelytheactthatthecarriershowstakingdeliveryordertoconsignee.AndthebehaviorofconsigneeintheprocessoftakingdeliveryhasnoeffecttothereleasingofgoodswithoutB/Lbycarrier.
　　(b).ThecausalityandtypicalmodelofreleasingofgoodswithoutB/L
　　I.    ThecarrierdeliversgoodstothethirdpartysubjecttotheconsigneenamedinB/Linadditiontoletterofguaranteewhenthegoodsarriveattheportofdestination.
　　II.    Becauseofthedevelopmentofrecentnavigationseamanship,fastshippingbutshortvoyage,inadditiontothedocuments’slownegotiation,thecarrierreleasesofgoodstotheconsigneewithoutoriginalB/Linordertocutdownexpensesofportandsetaboutanewvoyage.WhiletheconsigneemayhavenooriginalB/Lbecauseoffollowreasons:
　　a.    InconditionofL/C,becauseofthediscrepancyinthedocuments,thebankre

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