文章刚刚写就的时候,人总会有种满足感。在这种满足感的指引下,你会很难发现一些错误。如果一两天不碰那篇文章,然后再回过头来看得话,你会发觉你能找出更多的错误。所以我个人建议大家,revision最好是在文章写完一到两天后再做。
2.4.2 擅于否定自己
在 修改自己文章的时候,最好设想一下如果自己是老师的话,会期望看到 些什么内容。在修改文章的时候,千万不要怕大删大改。如果确定自己在某一方面确实描述得不尽人意的话,还是应该作一定修改。有的时候你会发觉改了三四遍后 文章已经面目全非了。不过在这个时候你最好再回过头来看看自己的abstract和conclusion是否也要做相应的调整。总的来说,在这个阶段,你 要擅于否定自己,做好做大改动的心理准备。
2.4.3 检查文章的结构
要检查一下自己的文章是不是详略得当、是否有overstate的地方或者论述不够的地方、在逻辑推理上有没有缺陷、在章节和段落的布局是否合理、章节和段落的号码是否正确等等。
2.5 画龙要点睛──写一个powerful的conclusion
Conclusion里面最好不要重复自己前文中的文字。Conclusion应该是一个更高层次的总结。Conclusion应该包含对数据资料/学术观点的概括性总结以及各章节分论点的提升。以下是本人某篇论文的两个Conclusion版本。 版本1: Both of the two propositions are incorrect or inaccurate. The statement in MGL cannot reflect the essence of the modern 'fusion philosophy', resulting in confusion or even unjust blame upon innocent fusionist(s).
As Tilbury has put it: "The fusion fallacy nevertheless serves the singularly important function of alerting us to the danger of assuming too readily that cases are alike, both in terms of their factual circumstances and in application of the legal doctrines to which those circumstance give rise. While this danger is present in our dealings with all legal rules, the nature and equitable doctrines and principles suggests some real limitations that make a general 'fusion agenda' inappropriate. Rather, the principled development of the law requires the application of the traditional method of the common law with its emphasis o incremental development through analogical reasoning, both inductive or deductive. To that development, I fear, with Stevenson J in Canson Enterprise Ltd v Boughton, that 'talking of fusing law and equity only results in confusing and confounding the law'. Whether that talk is pro-fusionist or anti-fusionist it is misleading and distraction from the real issues ? in short, a furphy!" 版本 2: Both of the two propositions are incorrect or inaccurate. It is the lack of understanding of the fusion theory in depth that caused the authors of MGL sentenced the fusion theory to be a 'fallacy' (see discussion of proposition 1). Moreover, such 'sentence' is obviously inconsistent with the reality of 'piecemeal fusion' reflected by Waltons case. Such a 'sentence' can in fact result in confusion and even have resulted in the unjust blame upon innocent fusionist(s). Just as Tilbury has put it: "... To that development, I fear, with Stevenson J in Canson Enterprise Ltd v Boughton, that 'talking of fusing law and equity only results in confusing and confounding the law'. Whether that talk is pro-fusionist or anti-fusionist it is misleading and distraction from the real issues - in short, a furphy!" 相 比之下,第一个版本是引用了别人的评论来结束文章。但是那个 quote实在是太长了,从而使整个结尾失去了说服力。第二个版本明显更加具有概括性,它非但指出了别人学术观点上的谬误,同时也强调了这一谬误和实际的 差距,接着再进一步引用一个学者的话来点明主题。其实写作的过程也就是一个信息综合的过程。在写结尾的时候,更要综合最有价值最有说服力的信息,从而阐明 自己的观点。
总而言之,写conclusion一是要花心思,二是要有归纳性。当然有时候也要靠灵感。呵呵。
2.6 写完全文再写abstract
相信很多人都这样做吧。呵呵。原因也很简单。因为论文写作过程中免不了大的修改,全文写完后你才会真正清楚你的文章里到底涵盖了哪些内容。如果把abstract留到最后写的话,会更加容易些。
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