体现了国际社会的共同利益。这种认识已使人们超越了过去那种国际关系的局限,逐渐懂得全人类的相互依存。尽管这种发展还受到民族利己主义的严重干扰,但人们对国际社会共同利益的关注这一因素越来越影响新的国际法规则的制订,体现着国际法进步发展的一个方向。
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[1] See Malcolm N . Shaw , International Law , Cambridge University Press, 1997 , p . 36 .
[2] Manfred Lachs , Thoughts on Science , Technology and World Law , American Journal of International Law , vol . 86 , 1992 , p . 676 .
[3] See Bruno Simma , From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law , Recueil des Cours , 1994 , VI , pp . 257 – 258 .
[4] 参见梁西:《国际组织法》(修订第五版),22页,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001.
[5] 梁西:《国际组织法》(修订第五版),328页,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001.
[6] 参见曾令良:《论冷战后时代的国家主权》,载《中国法学》,1998(1)。
[7] 例如,1998年10月,应西班牙法官加尔松等人的要求,英国司法机关拘禁了智利前总统皮诺切特(直到2002年7月1日,智利最高法院才作出终审判决,同意终止对前总统皮诺切特的审判,从而宣告皮案结束);1999年5月,前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭检察长阿尔伯尔决定起诉时任南联盟总统的米洛舍维奇及其他4位南联盟高级官员并发出了国际逮捕令;2001年,西方国家对柬埔寨审判原红色高棉领导人的干预等。
[8] 参见梁西:《国际组织法》(修订第五版),333页,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001.
[9] See Serge Sur , The State Between Fragmentation and Globalization , European Journal of International Law , vol . 8 , no . 3 , 1997 , p . 428 .
[10] See M . Chaskste , Soviet Concepts of the State , International Law and Sovereignty , American Journal of International Law , vol . 43 , 1949 , p . 27 .
[11] See H . A . Smith , The Crisis in the Law of Nations , London , 1947 , pp . 1 – 32 .
[12] See Joseph L .Kunz , The Changing Law of Nations , American Journal of International Law , vol . 51 , 1957 , pp .73 – 83 .
[13] See Kurt Wilk , International Law and Global Ideological Conflict , American Journal of International Law , vol . 45 , 1951 , pp . 648 – 670 . 威尔克认为在主要国家间意识形态冲突的世界,已不可能有共同的国际法的存在。
[14] See Oliver J . Lissitzyn , International Law in A Divided World , International Conciliation , no . 542 , 1963 , pp . 37 – 62 .
[15] 参见丘宏达:《现代国际法》,32页,台北,台湾三民书局,1995.
[16] [英]詹宁斯、瓦茨修订:《奥本海国际法》,第1卷,第1分册, 50页,王铁崖等译,北京,中国大百科全书出版社,1995.
[17] See Philip Alston , The Myopia of the Handmaidens : International Lawyers and Globalization , European Journal of International Law , vol . 8 , no . 3 , 1997 , p . 435 .
[18] See Jonathan I . Charney , Universal International Law , American Journal of International Law , vol . 87 , 1993 , p . 529
[19] See Christopher D . Stone , Beyond Rio : “Insuring” Against Global Warming , American Journal of International Law , vol . 86 , 1992 , pp . 445 – 447 .
[20] 潘抱存:《论国际法的发展趋势》,载《中国法学》,2000(5)。
[21] See Malcolm N . Shaw , International Law , Cambridge University Press , 1997 , pp . 44 – 45 .
[22] Anthony Carty , Critical International Law : Recent Trends in The Theory of International Law , European Journal of International Law , vol . 2 , no . 1 , 1991 , p . 66 .
[23] See Peter Malanczuk , Akehurst‘s Modern Introduction to International Law , London , 1997 , p . 33 .
[24] See Steven R . Ratner etc ., Appraising The Methods of International Law : A Prospectus for Readers , American Journal of International Law , vol . 93 , 1999 , p . 294 .
[25] Fernando R . Teson , Feminism and International Law : A Reply , Virginia Journal of International Law , vol . 33 , no . 3 , 1993 , p . 650 .
[26] See Hilary Charlesworth etc ., Feminist Approaches to International Law , American Journal of International Law , vol . 85 , 1991 , p . 623 .
[27] Thornton , Feminist Jurisprudence : Illusion or Reality ? Australian Journal of Law & Society , vol . 3 , 1986 , p . 23 .
[28] See Anne – Marie etc ., International Law and International Relations Theory , A Dual Agend , American Journal of International Law , vol . 87 , 1993 .
[29] See Peter Malanczuk , Akehurst‘s Modern Introduction to International Law , London , 1997 , p . 33 .
[30] See Anne – Marie Slaughter etc ., International Law and International Relations Theory : A New Generation of Interdisciplinary Scholarship , American Journal of International Law , vol .92 , 1998 , p . 367 .
[31] See Steven R . Ratner etc ., Appraising The Methods of International Law : A Prospectus for Readers , American Journal of International Law , vol . 93 , 1999 , p . 295 .
[32] See Steven R . Ratner etc ., Appraising The Methods of International Law : A Prospectus for Readers , American Journal of International Law , vol . 93 , 1999 , p . 294 .
[33] Malcolm N . Shaw , International Law ,Cambridge University Press , 1997 , p . 37 .
[34] 参见梁西主编:《国际法》,33页,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2000.
[35] See Malcolm N . Shaw , International Law , Cambridge University Press , 1997 , pp . 36 – 37 .
[36] See Malcolm N . Shaw , International Law ,Cambridge University Press , 1997 , p . 38 .
[37] See W . Friedmann , The Changing Structure of International Law , London , 1964 , p . 168 .
[38] W . Friedmann , The Changing Structure of International Law , London , 1964 , p . 168 .
[39] UNDOC . E /com . 4/Sub .2/1996/17 .
[40] Theodor Meron , Is International Law Moving Towards Criminalization ? European Journal of International Law , vol .9 , no . 1 , 1998 , p . 18.
[41] Report of the Secretary - General Pursuant Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808(1993), UN Doc . S/25704 &Add.1, 1993, Annex.
[42] Statute of the Rwanda Tribunal ,SC Res . 955,UN SCOR , 3453 rd Mtg, UN Doc . S/RES/955, 1994.
[43] See Meron, International Criminalization of Internal Atrocities, American Journal of International Law , vol . 89, 1995, p. 557 .
[44] Yugoslav Statute, Article 5 .
[45] See Theodor Meron , Is International Law Moving Towards Criminalization ? European Journal of International Law , vol . 9, 1998, p . 30 .
[46] 除了前南国际刑事法庭和卢旺达国际刑事法庭外,塞拉利昂法庭、东帝汶法庭及柬埔寨法庭已经建立或即将建立。
[47] See Manfred Lachs , Thoughts on Science , Technology and World Law , American Journal of International Law , vol . 86 , 1992 , p . 683 .
[48] Manfred Lachs , Thoughts on Science , Technology and World Law , American Journal of International Law , vol . 86 , 1992 , p . 691 .
[49] 参见张乃根、[法]米雷埃?德尔玛斯-玛尔蒂主编:《克隆人:法律与社会》,264-266页,上海,复旦大学出版社,2002.
[50] Manfred Lachs , Thoughts on Science , Technology and World Law , American Journal of International Law , vol . 86 , 1992 , p . 684 .
[51] 参见梁西:《论国际法的发展》,载《武汉大学学报》(哲社版),1990(5)。
[52] 参见梁西:《国际组织法》(修订第五版),332页,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001.
[53] 参见潘抱存:《中国国际法理论新探索》 上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页
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