在激活Shc/Frs-Raf/MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK通路的基础上,通过大量释放磷脂酶C (PLC )、蛋白激酶C(PKC)、磷脂酰肌醇3 -激酶系统(IP3 K)和Ca2+,向细胞内传递信号〔2,17〕。目 前,对细胞内 FGF-FGFR系统下游其他信号的传递作用仍所知甚少,有待研究揭示。 4.2 胞外基质对FGFs的调节作用:FGFs与肝素和硫酸肝素等酸性多糖结合〔13〕。这些酸性多糖不仅能提高FGFs的热稳 定性和对蛋白酶解(proteolysis)的抵抗性,也能起到浓集和释放FGFs等作用。最近研究显示,FGFs与酸性多糖结合可提高与FGFRs的亲和力和稳定性。而且,通过结构研究,已经 明确了 FGFs 与FGFRs 和酸性多糖的结合部位〔18〕。目前已知23种FGFs均分别作用 于硫酸乙酰肝素(HSPG)链的不同特异性部位,并通过选择性形成FGFRs-FGFs-HS(硫酸乙酰肝素)复合体以调控生长因子浓度及其信号传递,由此证实酸性多糖 是FGFs 信号的必需因子。 4.3 FGFs拮抗剂的调节:属于Wnt、Bmp和Hedgehog家族等分泌性信号分子存在分泌性拮抗剂,通过信号和拮抗剂的双 调节(dual regulation)作用精细而巧妙地控制各自的信号系统〔19〕。最早被确 认的FGFs拮抗剂是来自果蝇的sprouty(spry)。起初曾认为spry是一种分泌性信号,其后的 研究证实spry是一种与细胞膜内侧结合的胞内蛋白质,spry 通过阻碍Ras信号传递来阻断FG Fs 信号〔20〕。随后,spry也在脊椎动物得到确认。研究显示,spry表达受FGFs 信号的诱导,如肢芽形成区域spry过表达将阻碍肢芽形成〔21〕。 5 结语 庞大的FGFs家族成员是对多种细胞显示多样生理和(或)药理作用的多能信号分子〔2〕 。随着FGFs基因组工程的完成和蛋白组工程(结构、功能和作用机制)的研究深入,作为细胞增殖因子、血管形成因子、神经营养因子、形态发生因子、组织修复-再生因 子的FGFs,有望在发育学、生理学和临床药理学方面作出贡献。 参考文献 〔1〕Itoh N.FGFs as multifunctional signaling molecules:diversity of st ructure and function〔J〕.Seikagaku,2001,73(7):525-535. 〔2〕Szebenyi G,Fallon J F.Fibroblast growth factors as multifunctional signalin g factors〔J〕.Int Rev Cytol,1999,185:45-106. 〔3〕Ornitz D M,Itoh N.Fibroblast growth factors〔J〕.Genome Biol,2001,2(3): (Review)3005.1-3005.12. 〔4〕Ohmachi S,Watanabe Y,Mikami T,et al.FGF-2 0,a novel neurotrophic factor,preferentially expressed in the substantia nigra p ars compacta of rat brain〔J〕.Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2000,277(2):355-360. 〔5〕Nakatake Y,Hoshikawa M,Asaki T,et al.Identification of a novel fi broblast growth factor,FGF-22,preferentially expressed in the inner r oot sheath of the hair follicle〔J〕.Biochim Biophys Acta,2001,1517(3):460-463. 〔6〕Yamashita T,Yoshioka M,Itoh N.Identification of a novel fibroblast growth factor,FGF-23,preferentially expressed in the ventrolateral thala mic n ucleus of the brain〔J〕.Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2000,277(2):494-498. 〔7〕Nakatake Y,Hoshikawa M,Asaki T,et al.Identification of a novel fi broblast growth factor,FGF-22,preferentially expressed in the inner r oot sheath of the hair follicle〔J〕.Biochim Biophys Acta,2001,1517(3):460-463. 〔8〕McWhirter J R,Goulding M,Weiner J A,et al.A novel fibroblast growth fac tor gene expressed in the developing nervous system is a downstream target of th e chimeric homeodomain oncoprotein E2A-Pbx1.Development,1997,124( 17):3221-3232. 〔9〕Roubin R,Naert K,Popovici C,et al. Let-756,a C.elegans fgf essential for worm development〔J〕.Onco gene,1999,18(48):6741-6747. 〔10〕付小兵,孙同柱,孙晓庆,等.EGF和bFGF在大鼠不同发育阶段肠道定位 和表达特 征的比较研究〔J〕.中国危重病急救医学,2001,13(7):407-409. 〔11〕Miller D L,Ortega S,Bashayan O,et al.Compensation by fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) does not account for the mild phenotypi c defects observed in FGF2 null mice〔J〕.Mol Cell Biol,2000,20(6):2260-2268. 〔12〕De Moerlooze L,Spencer-Dene B,Revest J, et al.An important role for the Ⅲb isoform of fibroblast growth factor r eceptor 2 (FGFR2) in mesenchymal-epithelial signalling during mouse organogenesis〔J〕.Development,2000,127(3):483-492. 〔13〕Ohuchi H,Hori Y,Yamasaki M,et al.FGF10 acts as a major ligand for FGF receptor 2 Ⅲb in mouse multi-organ developme nt〔J〕.Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2000,277(3):643-649. 〔14〕Sakaue H,Konishi M,Ogawa W, et al.Requirement of fibroblast growth factor 10 in development of w hite adipose tissue〔J〕.Genes Dev,2002,16(8):908-912. 〔15〕McKeehan W L,Wang F,Kan M.The heparan sulfate-fibroblast growt h factor family:diversity of structure and function〔J〕.Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mo l Biol,1998,59:135-176. 〔16〕Uematsu F,Kan M,Wang F,et al.Ligand binding properties of binary complexes of heparin and immunoglobulin-like mod ules of FGF receptor 2〔J〕.Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2000,272(3):830-8 36. 〔17〕Klint P,Claesson-Welsh L.Signal transduction by fibroblast gro wth factor receptors〔J〕.Front Biosci,1999,4:D165-177. 〔18〕Schlessinger J,Plotnikov A N,Ibrahimi O A,et al.Crystal structure of a ternary FGF-FGFR-heparin complex reveals a dual role for heparin in FGFR binding and dimerizati on〔J〕.Mol Cell,2000,6(3):743-750. 〔19〕Freeman M.Feedback control of intercellular signalling in development〔J 〕.Nature,2000,408(6810):313-319. 〔20〕Casci T,Vinos J,Freeman M.Sprouty,an intracellular inhibitor of Ras sign aling〔J〕.Cell,1999,96(5):655-665. 〔21〕Minowada G,Jarvis L A,Chi C L,et al.Vertebrate Sprouty genes are indu ced by FGF signaling and can cause chondrodys plasia when overexpressed〔J〕.Development,1999,126(20):4465-4475. 作者简介:姜笃银(1963-),男(汉族),江苏省泰州市人,医学博士后,副主任医 师,主要从事创伤修复失控机制和临床应用研究,Tel:13961015600,13683589368;E-mail:jdybs @163.com。 摘自:急救快车 (.00026000W03.)
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