客观地说,葛的提醒不无道理。但笔者觉得葛所提醒国内有关归化/异化翻译学者的问题,要辨证地对待。我们的一些学者在响应西方学者提出的归化/异化翻译主张的同时,提高了欧化翻译即当年鲁迅所提倡的并受到梁实秋等人诘责的“硬译”的地位。当年鲁迅曾希望翻译能够给传达新思想,并为中国的语言引进新的表现形式,从而给中国文化输入新的血液,带来新的生机。遗憾的是,在上世纪,归化/异化的讨论往往都是归化论占上风。虽然我们不能排除今天的一些学者存在理论上的误读,即他们希望接受Venuti等西方学者的观点,但在实践上却未能得到很好的贯彻,但他们的呼吁和实践却创造了异化/直译的前所未有的大好局面,使翻译研究从过去的语言层面上升到文化的层面,直译的方法得到广泛的认可。 所以,我们要辨证地对待这一问题。首先,我们对西方的归化/异化翻译策略要有更多的评介,如果理论上浅尝辄止,我们的研究的可行性就会大打折扣;其次,位于语言文化层面的异化/归化讨论是可以接受的,但这些研究不应该脸谱化,带个面具,放进一些例句,就把文章写出来了,这样做,无疑会降低翻译研究的学术地位。再其次,异化/归化策略的讨论如何能同翻译的理论与实践结合的更紧一些,这可能是翻译理论建设中的一个重要课题,我们不仅要从传统的翻译理论上考虑,还要从跨学科角度去考虑翻译理论的建构,惟有如此,我们的翻译研究才能不断保持生机勃勃。 五、 结语 异化与归化的翻译策略的讨论没有结束,还会继续下去,我们应从跨文化的视野去思考异化/归化问题,这样,它的影响才能得到充分的体现。我们可以肯定,这一讨论,不仅对翻译研究,对文化人类学、社会学、比较文学等都将产生积极的影响。 注: [1] Schleiermacher 的原语是:The translatora can either leave the writer in peace as much as possible and bring the reader to him, or he can leave the reader in peace as much as possible and bring the writer to him. (Schleiermacher, 1838:47, as translated in Wilss, 1982:33) ‘Bring the reader to the original text’ would correspond to requiring him to process the translation in context of the original; ‘[The translator] thus tries to transport [the reader] to its location, which, in all reality, is foreign to him.’ (Schleiermacher, 1838:219, as translated in Wilss, 1982:33) [2] 黑体系作者所加。 [3] 在Mona Baker 主编的《翻译学大词典》中,Jerome关于直译与意译关系的描述是通过下图来表现的: 1. (If free translation is not bad translation) 2. (If free translation is no translation) [4] 不过,Gentzler 认为,Venuti的理论与后现代主义比较更显得现代派一些,他的理论的 转向仍旧根植于若干世纪来的“忠实”与“意译”翻译的争辩之中。参见Gentzler, Contemporary Translation Theories, Revised 2nd edition, Multilingual Matters Ltd. 第41 页。
参 考 文 献 Baker, Mona (ed.). 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. Bassnett, Susan & Andre Lefevere. 2001. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai Foreign Education Press. Bassnett, Susan. 19 . Translation Studies. New Accents. Diaz -Diocaretz, Myriam. 1985. Translating Poetic Discourse: Questions on Feminist Strategies in Adrienne Rich. John Benjamins B. V. Dollerup, Cay. 1993. Interlingual transfer and issues. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. 1993:2, Museum Tusculanum Press. Gentzler, Edwin. 2001. Contemporary Translation Theories. Revised 2nd Edition. Multilingual Matters Ltd. Hickey, Leo. 2001. The Pragmatics of Translation. Shanghai Foreign Education Press Kelly, L.G. 1979. The True Interpreter. Basil Blackwell. Lefevere, Andre. 1992. Translation/History/Culture. London and New York: Routledge. Newmark, Peter. 1982. Approaches to Translation. Pergamon Press Niad, Eugene. 2001. Language and Culture: Context in Translating. Shanghai Foreign Education Press. Nord, Christiane. 1991.Text Analysis in Translation. Amsterdam-Atlanta: GA Northcott, W. H. 1984. Oral Interpreting: Principles and Practices. University of Park Press. Raffel, Burton. 19 . The Art of Translating Poetry. The Pennsyvania State University Press. Samovar, L. A. et al. 2002. Communication Between Cultures. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Snell-Hornby, Mary. 2001. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Shanghai Foreign Education Press. Steiner, George. 1975. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxfor 上一页 [1] [2] [3] 下一页
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