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     1.Titles of Papers
      1.1  Functioning requirements
        The expression of a title is very important since people usually judge
      an article by its “title”. Thus any titles of a manuscripts should show
      the main topic, new and original, convenience of reference, with great
      deal of message.
      1.2  Linguistic characters
      Titles of papers usually are characterized in short and brief, without
      being hard to understand or unintelligible, no empty, general words and
      other redundant formula.

      1.3  Examples of title composition
      A preliminary study on the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones of early
      maturing wheats and their parents
      Dynamics  of endogenous hormones  in the early maturing wheats and their
      parental plants
      Dynamics  of endogenous hormones  in roots of the early maturing wheats
      and their parents
      A method of isolation of …
      A new method to isolate …
      1.4 Summary: A good title may have a role of “adding the finishing touch”
      to the whole paper. Titles are the first part of the whole paper which is
      read by readers. So to every author it is necessary to spend his efforts
      to work out an excellent title. In addition, the proper expression of
      authors’ affiliation is also very important.  

      2. The “Introduction” of papers
      2.1    Functioning Requirements
      Introduction is the beginning of the main body of papers. A good
      introduction could attract the readers, let them continue to read the
      contents followed or the paper won’t be read further. The history, recent
      advances, significance,  the present research contents and purpose or aim
      of the research should be briefly introduced.
      2.2  Linguistic Characters
      More complex and simple sentences; present, past and the present perfect
      tenses; passive voice.
      For instance,

      The role of summer pruning on growth and development of apple trees  is
      now well established. 
      2.3  Sentences usually used in INTRODUCTION
      2.3.1  Starting part
      In 1970 ××× and ×××independently identified …
      One of the most important aspects of …
      The role of …  is now well established.
      As we know …
      It has been proved that …
      It was proved (reported) t hat …
      There are few communications on the effect of … on …
      Smith et al. (2000) reported that …
      Most of the experiments were carried out  …
      It has been long know that …
      It is well documented that … 
      According to the … theory, …
      2.3.2  Middle part (review)
      It has been shown that …
      As we know, …
      As has been stated (proved) that …
      It was proved (reported) that …
      Hayman (1982) pointed out that …
      Two methods have been employed to estimate the …
      Smith et al. (2000) reported that…
      Several experiments on  …
      Based on the results of…
      …were (was) discussed and reviewed.
      In preliminary studies using…
      The experiment on ...was carried by…
      In spite of the potential importance of…
      We hypothesize that under conditions of…
      The following questions need to be answered: …
      We have examined the effects of…on…
      Although increasingly more is known about…
      As… can be…, several author have investigated the role  of…
      A developmental study was undertaken to describe the…
      Many studies have brought out that…
      Many previous studies have shown that…
      Some information is also available as to …
      In the present study…was researched under conditions  of…
      We are also interested in …
      In addition to our interest in understanding…In addition  to its role as
a…
      In contrast, the present author found previously that…
      The results made by…have shown…
      Recent evidence suggested that…
      Recent experiments by…have suggested…
      To meet this challenge, a great deal of effort focusing  on…
      …is (are) needed better understand…At the present  time…
      However, it is becoming increasingly clear that…
      2.3.3 Ending part
      To test specifically the ability of…
      The primary objective of our study was to examine …
      The goal of this study was to select…and to see whether  the …
      The objective of the current study was therefore to  examine the effects
      of… on …
      This paper reports the growth respon

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