Rizzo(1987)and Millers et al．(1989)”。
标注参考文献另一种常见体系是按文献出现的先后顺序编号，置于方括号中，标在指引部分的右上角。被引用的作者、文献名、出版时间、地点等列入论文后面的参考文献中。其顺序要与正文中标注的顺序一致。
例16
Forecasts of the tracks of hurricanes have improved steadily over the past three decades [1], owing to a combination of better observations and much-improved numerical models. In contrast to the improvements in track forecasts, there has been comparatively little advance in predictions of intensity [1], in spite of the sophisticated numerical models. The best intensity forecasts today are statistically based[2]. Most of the research literature on hurricane intensity focuses on the pre-storm sea surface temperature and certain properties of the atmospheric environment[3] But it is well known that hurricanes alter the surface temperature of the ocean over which they pass[4] and that a mere 2.5 K decrease in ocean surface temperature near the core of the storm would be enough to shut down energy production entirely[51. Simulations with coupled atmosphere-ocean models[5-7] confirm that interaction with the ocean is a strong negative feedback on storm intensity…
文中标注的编号代表参考文献出现的顺序。"[l]"在文中出现两次，代表这两处所陈述的内容或观点出自同一篇文献，即正文后面参考文献中的第1条。“[5—7]”代表此处陈述的内容或观点涉及到三篇文献，即参考文献中第5—7条。
行文中的编号也可以不放在方括号里。如：例17
The sound attenuation along the length, a significant index in long spaces, has been intensively studied. Based on various assumptions and using various methods, a number of formulae have been given1-5. Another important index, reverberation time, has been seen to be different from that of the diffuse field6.
8.3.2 文献综述中的动词运用技巧
(1)两类动词
从例13到例17中，我们可以发现，文献综述中常用state， note，observe，discuss，establish，find，present等动词。这些动词有两种特性，一种是描述性动词，客观地向读者介绍他人的工作；另一种是评价性动词，在一定程度上代表了作者对他人的工作的理解、解释或态度。文献综述中常用的描述性动词有：describe，discuss，explain，examine，present，state等。常见的评价性动词有：affirm，allege，argue，assume，claim，imply，maintain，presume，reveal，suggest等。
(2)动词时态
文献综述中最常见的时态是一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时三种时态。使用不同的动词时态会给句子的意义带来变化，基本原则如下：
原则1：当作者引用某人过去某个时间所做过的某一项具体的研究时，用一般过去时。如：例18
a. Hanson et al. (1976) noted that oak mortality and decline were associated with drought and insects throughout a multi-state region of the mid-west. …McCarthy (1995) documented 50% hickory mortality, associated with insects, in a ten year study of forest dynamics in two hardwood areas in a southeastern Ohio forest.
b. It was found by Czerniak (1996) that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support.
或:It was found that success at this Science Day was linked to
parental support (Czemiak 1996)...
原则2：在概括或总结某一研究领域里所做过的一些研究时，用现在完成时，如：
例19
a. The condition of eastern hardwood species and ecosystems of the United States has been summarized by Weiss and Rizzo (1987) and Millers et al. (1989). … Since then, numerous studies have been completed and many regions have established long-term forest surveys to better monitor changes occurring in the eastern forest (Loucks 1992).
b. The sound attenuation along the length, a significant index in long spaces, has been intensively studied. Based on various assumptions and using various methods, a number of formulae have been given [1-5]. Another important index, reverberation time, has been seen to be different from that of the diffuse field [6].
原则3：在谈及目前的知识水平、技术水平或存在的问题时，用一般现在时态。
例20
Acoustic problems occur extensively in long spaces. For example, in road or rail tunnels noise pollution is a serious problem, and in underground stations poor speech intelligibility of public address syst

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