+ has become …
a. Semiconductor based industry (基于半导体的工业)has be come the largest industry for the USA and it has influenced every other industry and every aspect of human life.
b. The battery technology has become increasingly popular in automotive industry.
c. Forest decline has become a favorite topic for environmental studies.
a. Synthetic polymers (聚合物) are widely used in contact with
biological systems in applications such as medicine, biotechnology, food processing and natural water environment.
b. Air pollution has been extensively studied in recent years.
c. The causes of glaucoma have been widely investigated recently.
d. The importance of safe driving is now well established.
句型4: Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about + 研究主题
例10
a. Recently, there has been growing concern about waste-water
biosolid, the residual organic matter produced during waste water treatment.
b. In the 1990s there has been growing interest in the development of electric vehicles in response to the public demand for cleaner air.
句型5: Recently there have / has been extensive / increasing /numerous publications / literature / reporting on + 研究领域
例11
a. There have been numerous publications over the last ten years on the need for nursing education to keep pace with the increase in knowledge of biological science.
b. There has been increasing reporting about forest decline in North America.
句型6: Researchers have become increasingly interested in +研究领域
或:Researchers have recently focused their attention on +研究领域
Researchers are recently paying more attention to + 研究领域
例12
a. Researchers have become more interested in environmental indicators.
b. Researchers are paying more attention to high pressure injection (高压喷射).
8.3 如何写文献综述
文献综述是学术论文的重要组成部分，是作者对他人在某研究领域所做的工作和研究成果的总结与评述，包括他人有代表性的观点或理论、发明发现、解决问题的方法等。在援引他人的研究成果时，必须标注出处，即这一研究成果由何人在何时何地公开发表。
8.3.1文献出处的标注
引用文献时，不同的学科或领域可能采用各自约定俗成的体系或格式。在写论文时，应该了解自己学科采用的固定格式。目前最常见的体系有两种，一种是作者+出版年体系，另一种是顺序编码体系。下面对这两种体系分别加以介绍。
第一种体系的主要框架模式如下：
模式1：作者(年代)十谓语动词主动语态+研究内容／成果例13
a. Hanson et al. (1976) noted that oak mortality and decline were associated with drought and insects throughout a multi-state region of the mid-west.
b. McCarthy (1995) documented 50% hickory mortality, associated with insects, in a ten year study of forest dynamics in two hardwood areas in a southeastern Ohio forest.
c. Also, Fay (1991) found cooperative group projects integrated into science class to be successful experiences for students.
模式2：研究内容／成果+谓语动词被动语态+(作者年代)
例14
a. Success at this Science Day was found to be linked to parental support (Czemiak 1996).
b. Throughout the eastern United States, large scale compositional changes have been observed in forests dominated by oak and hickory (Christensen 1997, Lorimer 1984, McCarthy et al. 1987, Pallardy et al. 1988).
模式3：It has been十谓语动词被动语态+by作者(年代)+that从句
或：It has been+谓语动词被动语态+that从句(作者年代)
研究内容／成果+谓语动词被动语态+by作者(年代)
例15
a. It was found by Czemiak (1996) that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support.
或:It was found that success at this Science Day was linked to parental support (Czemiak 1996).
b. The condition of eastern hardwood species and ecosystems of the United States has been summarized by Weiss and Rizzo (1987) and Millers et al. (1989).
如果引用的文献有两个以上的作者，只标明第一作者，后面用拉丁文et al‘表示，意思是“等人”、“其他人”。如例13a中的“Hanson et al．”就是如此。
如果在综述中涉及几个项目或文献时，则将这些文献并列标注，必要时用逗号隔开。如例14b中的“…Christensen 1997， Lorimerl984，McCarthy et al．1987，Pallardy et al．1988)” 以及例15b中的“…Weiss and

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