歧视的手段或构成对国际贸易的变相限制的要求前提下，本协定的任何规定不得解释为阻止任何缔约方采取或实施以下措施……（b）为保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康所必需的措施；……”。

    [⑧] John·H·Jackson,‘The World Trading System, Law and Policy of International Economic Relations ’(1997).

    [⑨] Ibid

    [⑩] GATT1947, art. XX(b).

    [11] John·H·Jackson, ‘The World Trading System' , p 277.

    [12] See United States----Prohibition on Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada, adopted 22 Feb. 1982,GATT Doc.L/5198,BISD 29S/91

    [13] United States-----Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Appellate Body Report, adopted 20 May 1996,WTO Doc. AB-1996-1,p. 25.

    [14] See Thailand---Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, adopted 7 .Nov. 1990,GATT Doc. DS10/R,BISD 37S/200.

    [15] Tuna-DolphinⅠCase,para.5.27

    [16] See Thai Cigarette Case, Panel Report,para.74; and Gasoline Case Panel Report, para.6.24.

    [17] Thai Cigarette Case, para.77

    [18] Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB, para.150.

    [19] GATT ,Guide to GATT Law and Practice ,p.527

    [20] European Economic Community---Suspension of Food Imports from Certain East European Countries, in GATT Doc.c/m/198,p. 28.

    [21] Establishment of a Streamlined Mechanism for Reconciling the Interests of Contracting Parties in the Event of Trade-Damaging Acts—Communication from Chile, GATT Doc. C/M/ 232, 23, 23-4.

    [22] 在GATT第20条中，健康安全只是作为例外之一与其他九项一般例外并列。

    [23] 在与第20条（b）款有关的泰国进口香烟案及金枪鱼和海豚案里，泰国和美国所采取的措施都被专家组认定为不符合GATT规则。

    [24] 参见《SPS协议》附件A。

    [25] WTO, Understanding the World Trade Organization Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

    [26] 参见《SPS协议》第2条、第5条、第3条。

    [27] Beef Hormones Panel Report,para.8.50

    [28] Ibid, para.8.49

    [29] Ibid, para.8.55

    [30] Beef Hormones Appellate Report,para.104

    [31] Beef Hormones Panel Report,para.9(i); Beef Hormones Appellate Report,para.253(i)

    [32] Beef Hormones Panel Report,para.8.113.

    [33] Ibid, paras. 8,94,95,160.

    [34] Beef Hormones Appellate Report,para.189.

    [35] Ibid, para.181.

    [36] Beef Hormones Appellate Report,para.186.

    [37] Ibid, para.187.

    [38] See Fidler, ‘Trade and Health’,p.38.

    [39] Beef Hormones Panel Report,para.8.188.

    [40] Beef Hormones Appellate Report,para.186.

    [41] Ibid, para.193.

    [42] See Craig Thorn and Marinn Carlson ,‘The Agreement on The Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measure and The Agreement of Technical Barriers to Trade, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 31, Number3, 2000.

    [43] Beef Hormones Appellate Report,para.194.

    [44] 《关于争端解决程规则与程序的谅解》第11条规定，专家组应对其审议的事项作出“客观评估”（objective assessment）。

    [45] Beef Hormones Appellate Report,para.192.

    [46] Beef Hormones Panel Report,para.8.86

    [47] Ibid, para.8.72

    [48] Beef Hormones Appellate Report, para.172.

    [49] Ibid para.173.,

    [50] Ibid.

    [51]Beef Hormones Appellate Report, para.174.

    [52]《SPS协议》第5条第7款规定，在科学依据不充分时，成员方在满足规定的条件下，可以采取临时性的卫生与植物卫生措施；第3条第3款规定，在有科学依据且措施不违反协议其他规定的前提下，成员方可以采取保护程度高于国际标准的措施。

    [53] Beef Hormones Appellate Report, para.124.

    [54] 该案的案情是：日本于1950年制定植物保护法和实施条例，禁止从美国等地进口杏仁、樱桃、梅子、梨、桃、苹果和胡桃等八种植物。理由是这些植物有可能是幼蛀虫的寄生体。1978年后，日本有条件的进口以上产品，即只要出口国实施另一可达到进口要求的保护水平的措施，日本便可进口以上植物。1997年，美国要求与日本进行磋商，双方未达成协议，美国要求争端解决机构成立专家组审议双方争议。

    [55] Japan-Varietal Appellate Report, , para.80.

    [56] See Craig Thorn and Marinn Carlson ,‘The Agreement on The Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measure and The Agreement of Technical Barriers to Trade, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 31, Number3, 2000.

    [57] Charnovitz, ‘Free trade,Fair Trade,Green Trade:Defogging the Debate’, Cornnel Journal of International Law,Vol.27,1994,p480.

    [58] 参见《SPS协议》附件A.

    [59] See Craig Thorn and Marinn Carlson ,‘The Agreement on The Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measure and The Agreement of Technical Barriers to Trade, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 31, Number3, 2000.

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